{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:16:55Z","timestamp":1792462615171,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence of the efficacy of rehabilitation approaches for improving severe upper limb impairments and disability during acute and early subacute stroke, taking into consideration the dosage of therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched by 2 independent researchers. Studies were selected if they involved active rehabilitation interventions that were conducted in the acute stage (&amp;lt;7\u00a0days after stroke) or the early subacute stage (&amp;gt;7\u00a0days\u20133\u00a0months after stroke), with the aim of improving severe upper limb motor impairments and disability. Data were extracted on the basis of the type and effect of rehabilitation interventions and on the dosage (duration, frequency, session length, episode difficulty, and intensity). Study quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three studies (1271 participants) with fair to good methodological quality were included. Only 3 studies were performed in the acute stage. Regardless of the type of intervention, upper limb rehabilitation was found to be beneficial for severe upper limb impairments and disability. Robotic therapy and functional electrical stimulation were identified as the most popular upper limb interventions; however, only a limited number of studies showed their superiority over a dose-matched control intervention for severe upper limb impairments in the subacute stage. A longer rehabilitation session length (&amp;lt;60\u00a0minutes) did not seem to have a larger impact on the magnitude of improved upper limb impairments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Different rehabilitation approaches seem to improve severe upper limb impairments and disability in the subacute stage after stroke; however, they are not distinctly superior to standard care or other interventions provided at the same dosage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robotic therapy and functional electrical stimulation add variety to rehabilitation programs, but their benefit has not been shown to exceed that of standard care. Further research is necessary to identify the impact of dosage parameters (eg, intensity) on severe upper limb motor impairments and function, especially in the acute stage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzad002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T07:41:23Z","timestamp":1673250083000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Efficacy and Dose of Rehabilitation Approaches for Severe Upper Limb Impairments and Disability During Early Acute and Subacute Stroke: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Steff","family":"Doumen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt REVAL, , Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Sorba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt REVAL, , Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Feys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt REVAL, , Hasselt, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Tedesco Triccas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hasselt REVAL, , Hasselt, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square Department for Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, , London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","article-title":"The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Pub Health"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.029606","article-title":"Burden of stroke in Europe: thirty-year projections of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years","volume":"51","author":"Wafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-162","article-title":"Outcome and upper extremity function within 72 hours after first occasion of stroke in an unselected population at a stroke unit. A part of the SALGOT study","volume":"12","author":"Persson","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1279","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of acute stroke impairments and disability in a multiethnic population","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90161-9","article-title":"Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke study","volume":"75","author":"Nakayama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.481027","article-title":"Interventions to promote upper limb recovery in stroke survivors with severe paresis: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Hayward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087172.16305.CD","article-title":"Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke","volume":"34","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1473895","article-title":"Assistive technology products: a position paper from the first global research, innovation, and education on assistive technology (GREAT) summit","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.488","article-title":"PREP2: a biomarker-based algorithm for predicting upper limb function after stroke","volume":"4","author":"Stinear","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.5.679","article-title":"Effect of experience of severe stroke on subjective valuations of quality of life after stroke","volume":"70","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.10.1462","article-title":"Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study","volume":"24","author":"Kalra","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.808","article-title":"Accuracy of an algorithm in predicting upper limb functional capacity in a United States population","volume":"103","author":"Barth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312440745","article-title":"Getting neurorehabilitation right: what can be learned from animal models?","volume":"26","author":"Krakauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.03.011","article-title":"Growth-associated gene and protein expression in the region of axonal sprouting in the aged brain after stroke","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90356-E","article-title":"Overgrowth and pruning of dendrites in adult rats recovering from neocortical damage","volume":"581","author":"Jones","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.33","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging investigation of axonal remodeling and angiogenesis after embolic stroke in sildenafil-treated rats","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711816","article-title":"Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce","volume":"12","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-00396-7","article-title":"Encouraging an excitable brain state: mechanisms of brain repair in stroke","volume":"22","author":"Joy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02021-1","article-title":"A review of exercise-induced neuroplasticity in ischemic stroke: pathology and mechanisms","volume":"57","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2019.10.001","article-title":"Recovery of upper limb function is greatest early after stroke but does continue to improve during the chronic phase: a two-year, observational study","volume":"107","author":"Borschmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317697034","article-title":"A short and distinct time window for recovery of arm motor control early after stroke revealed with a global measure of trajectory kinematics","volume":"31","author":"Cortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-016-0467-5","article-title":"Spontaneous and therapeutic-induced mechanisms of functional recovery after stroke","volume":"8","author":"Cassidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.06.014","article-title":"Rehabilitation interventions for upper limb function in the first four weeks following stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"99","author":"Wattchow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033642","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033642","article-title":"The effect of rehabilitation interventions on physical function and immobility-related complications in severe stroke: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"McGlinchey","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034348","article-title":"Timing and dose of upper limb motor intervention after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032496","article-title":"Advancing stroke recovery through improved articulation of nonpharmacological intervention dose","volume":"52","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.03.005","article-title":"Optimizing terminology for stroke motor rehabilitation: recommendations from the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine Stroke Movement Interventions Subcommittee","volume":"93","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref28","first-page":"CD012612","article-title":"The effect of time spent in rehabilitation on activity limitation and impairment after stroke","volume":"10","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161374","article-title":"What is current practice for upper limb rehabilitation in the acute hospital setting following stroke? A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Serrada","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215514565395","article-title":"Dose of arm activity training during acute and subacute rehabilitation post stroke: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Hayward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319954","article-title":"Intensive upper limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke: outcomes from the queen square programme","volume":"90","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968319846120","article-title":"Long-dose intensive therapy is necessary for strong, clinically significant, upper limb functional gains and retained gains in severe\/moderate chronic stroke","volume":"33","author":"Daly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-020-00872-4","article-title":"\u201cHyperacute\u201d stroke rehabilitation care: common issues and considerations","volume":"22","author":"Mazwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.06.009","article-title":"How do Fugl-Meyer arm motor scores relate to dexterity according to the action research arm test at 6 months poststroke?","volume":"96","author":"Hoonhorst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.03.007","article-title":"Rasch analysis staging methodology to classify upper extremity movement impairment after stroke","volume":"94","author":"Woodbury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance","volume":"7","author":"Fugl-Meyer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.18668","article-title":"The intra-and interrater reliability of the action research arm test: a practical test of upper extremity function in patients with stroke","volume":"82","author":"Van der Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"System Rev"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref39","first-page":"186","article-title":"PEDro: a database of randomised controlled trials in physiotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Herbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Inf Manag"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2019.08.005","article-title":"Clinimetrics: physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale","volume":"66","author":"Cashin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032496","article-title":"Advancing stroke recovery through improved articulation of nonpharmacological intervention dose","volume":"52","author":"Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.31.917","article-title":"Minimal clinically important difference for the Fugl-Meyer assessment of the upper extremity in convalescent stroke patients with moderate to severe hemiparesis","volume":"31","author":"Hiragami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref43","volume-title":"TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator for Dummies","author":"Edwards","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-203024","article-title":"Upper limb recovery in early acute phase stroke survivors by coupled EMG-triggered and cyclic neuromuscular electrical stimulation","volume":"46","author":"Obayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr652oa","article-title":"Does an early increased-intensity interdisciplinary upper limb therapy programme following acute stroke improve outcome?","volume":"17","author":"Rodgers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.908560","article-title":"Design, implementation and clinical tests of a wire-based robot for neurorehabilitation","volume":"15","author":"Rosati","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehab Eng"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508095358","article-title":"A pilot study of activity-based therapy in the arm motor recovery post stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Rabadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.09.016","article-title":"Effects of a robot-assisted arm training plus hand functional electrical stimulation on recovery after stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"101","author":"Straudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000177865.37334.ce","article-title":"Computerized arm training improves the motor control of the severely affected arm after stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers","volume":"36","author":"Hesse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318186b4bc","article-title":"Mechanical arm trainer for the treatment of the severely affected arm after a stroke: a single-blinded randomized trial in two centers","volume":"87","author":"Hesse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90074-0","article-title":"Electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation for improving the arm function of acute stroke survivors: a randomized pilot study","volume":"79","author":"Francisco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312465896","article-title":"Benefits of a repetitive facilitative exercise program for the upper paretic extremity after subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Shimodozono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2510","article-title":"Contralaterally controlled functional electrical stimulation improves wrist dorsiflexion and upper limb function in patients with early-phase stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000919","article-title":"Recovery in the severely impaired arm post-stroke after mirror therapy: a randomized controlled study","volume":"97","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehab"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308324786","article-title":"Mirror therapy promotes recovery from severe hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Dohle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4849","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.915277","article-title":"The effects of active shoulder exercise with a sling suspension system on shoulder subluxation, proprioception, and upper extremity function in patients with acute stroke","volume":"25","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.10.009","article-title":"Rehabilitation of the upper arm early after stroke: video games versus conventional rehabilitation. A randomized controlled trial","volume":"63","author":"Laffont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehab Med"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000121645.44752.f7","article-title":"Early and repetitive stimulation of the arm can substantially improve the long-term outcome after stroke: a 5-year follow-up study of a randomized trial","volume":"35","author":"Feys","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550160075019","article-title":"The effect of robot-assisted therapy and rehabilitative training on motor recovery following stroke","volume":"54","author":"Aisen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.03.036","article-title":"Upper-extremity functional electric stimulation\u2013assisted exercises on a workstation in the subacute phase of stroke recovery","volume":"88","author":"Kowalczewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315624784","article-title":"Effects of unilateral upper limb training in two distinct prognostic groups early after stroke: the EXPLICIT-stroke randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Kwakkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513516967","article-title":"Effect on arm function and cost of robot-assisted group therapy in subacute patients with stroke and a moderately to severely affected arm: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Hesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.02.007","article-title":"Bilateral arm training vs unilateral arm training for severely affected patients with stroke: exploratory single-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Renner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref64","article-title":"Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke","volume":"9","author":"Mehrholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000139660","article-title":"Dimensions of post-stroke fatigue: a two-year follow-up study","volume":"26","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.652042","article-title":"Arm-hand boost therapy during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023083119405091600_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026676118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026676118","article-title":"Critical period after stroke study (CPASS): a phase II clinical trial testing an optimal time for motor recovery after stroke in humans","volume":"118","author":"Dromerick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad002\/49602240\/pzad002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/4\/pzad002\/51318678\/pzad002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/4\/pzad002\/51318678\/pzad002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T02:48:00Z","timestamp":1701658080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad002\/6987034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"article-number":"pzad002"}}