{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:45:46Z","timestamp":1791848746936,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"CIHR Doctoral Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["167284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["167284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chair","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to summarize and evaluate the research on the accuracy of provocative maneuvers to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched, and studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of at least 1 provocative test for CTS were selected. Study characteristics and data about the diagnostic accuracy of the provocative tests for CTS were extracted. A random-effects meta-analysis of the sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) of the Phalen test and Tinel sign was conducted. The risk of bias (ROB) was rated using the QUADAS-2 tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-one studies that assessed 12 provocative maneuvers were included. The Phalen test and the Tinel sign were the 2 most assessed tests (in 22 and 20 studies, respectively). The ROB was unclear or low in 20 studies, and at least 1 item was rated as having high ROB in 11 studies. Based on a meta-analysis of 7 studies (604 patients), the Phalen test had a pooled Sn of 0.57 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.44\u20130.68; range\u2009=\u20090.12\u20130.92) and a pooled Sp of 0.67 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.52\u20130.79; range\u2009=\u20090.30\u20130.95). For the Tinel sign (7 studies, 748 patients), the pooled Sn was 0.45 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.34\u20130.57; range\u2009=\u20090.17\u20130.97) and the pooled Sp was 0.78 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.60\u20130.89; range\u2009=\u20090.40\u20130.92). Other provocative maneuvers were less frequently studied and had conflicting diagnostic accuracies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Meta-analyses are imprecise but suggest that the Phalen test has moderate Sn and Sp, whereas the Tinel test has low Sn and high Sp. Clinicians should combine provocative maneuvers with sensorimotor tests, hand diagrams, and diagnostic questionnaires to achieve better overall diagnostic accuracy rather than relying on individual clinical tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence of unclear and high ROB do not support the use of any single provocative maneuver for the diagnosis of CTS. Clinicians should consider a combination of noninvasive clinical diagnostic tests as the first choice for the diagnosis of CTS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T18:23:56Z","timestamp":1678127036000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Provocative Maneuvers for the Diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Armaghan","family":"Dabbagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy C","family":"MacDermid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada"},{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada"},{"name":"Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital , London, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sengkang General Hospital Occupational Therapy Department, , Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara L","family":"Packham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physical Therapy, Western University , London, Ontario , Canada"},{"name":"Western University Department of Surgery, , London, Ontario , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni C","family":"Boutsikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, , Athens , Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population","volume":"281","author":"Atroshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.05.022","article-title":"A prospective comparison of diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3351","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies","volume":"39","author":"Dale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944718787892","article-title":"Comparison of the short-term and long-term effects of surgery and nonsurgical intervention in treating carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref5","volume-title":"Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline","author":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1197\/j.jht.2004.02.015","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"MacDermid","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9599","article-title":"Diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic test accuracy of scales, questionnaires, and hand symptom diagrams\u2014a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04202-y","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of sensory and motor tests for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2021.04.003","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnostic clinical tests and questionnaires in screening for carpal tunnel syndrome among workers\u2014a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies","volume":"319","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2307\/2529786","article-title":"An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00307","article-title":"Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values: foundations, pliabilities, and pitfalls in research and practice","volume":"5","author":"Trevethan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref13","first-page":"717","article-title":"Interpretation of diagnostic tests: likelihood ratio vs. predictive value","volume":"23","author":"Sedighi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1258\/shorts.2012.012089","article-title":"How to apply the results of a research paper on diagnosis to your patient","volume":"4","author":"Whiting","year":"2013","journal-title":"JRSM Short Rep"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7247.1468","article-title":"Statistics notes: the odds ratio","volume":"320","author":"Bland","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0724-x","article-title":"Development of an interactive web-based tool to conduct and interrogate meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: MetaDTA","volume":"19","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1439","article-title":"Graphical enhancements to summary receiver operating characteristic plots to facilitate the analysis and reporting of meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy data","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2015.16.6.1175","article-title":"A practical review for clinical researchers\u2013part II. Statistical methods of meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 8: meta-analysis of test performance when there is a \u201cgold standard\u201d","volume":"27","author":"Trikalinos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref20","article-title":"Chapter 10: Analysing and presenting results","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 1.0","author":""},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000172894.21006.e2","article-title":"Determining the sensitivity and specificity of common diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome using latent class analysis","volume":"116","author":"LaJoie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-112-5-321","article-title":"The carpal tunnel syndrome: diagnostic utility of the history and physical examination findings","volume":"112","author":"Katz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref24","first-page":"446","article-title":"Comparative study between physical examination, electroneuromyography and ultrasonography in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Jesus Filho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref25","first-page":"490","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical and neurophysiological correlation: review of 100 cases","volume":"27","author":"Amo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref26","first-page":"10","article-title":"Comparison of awakening from sleep with Phalen test and Tinel\u2019s sign in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Artroplasti Artroskopik Cerrahi"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20664","article-title":"Modified Phalen\u2019s test as an aid in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Bilkis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref28","first-page":"14","article-title":"Validity of clinical signs and provocative tests in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Buch-Jaeger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20915","article-title":"Physical examination has a low yield in screening for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Dale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref30","first-page":"20","article-title":"Agreement between the upper limb tension test 2a and the Phalen test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Denham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Practice"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01076738","article-title":"Workplace surveillance for carpal tunnel syndrome: a comparison of methods","volume":"3","author":"Franzblau","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000124439.14757.99","article-title":"Clinical utility of the flick maneuver in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000115985","article-title":"Evaluation of Tinel\u2019s and Phalen\u2019s signs in diagnosis of the carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Heller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-199711000-00004","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of carpal tunnel syndrome signs","volume":"76","author":"Kuhlman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-1997-8105","article-title":"Inter-rater agreement and accuracy of clinical tests used in diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Macdermid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref36","first-page":"853","article-title":"What is the diagnostic value of ultrasonography compared to physical evaluation in patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome?","volume":"25","author":"Naranjo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.9.1040","article-title":"A diagnostic algorithm for carpal tunnel syndrome based on Bayes\u2019s theorem","volume":"39","author":"O\u2019Gradaigh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref38","first-page":"57","article-title":"Tethered median nerve stress test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Raudino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31819d8046","article-title":"When is the Phalen\u2019s test of diagnostic value: an electrophysiologic analysis?","volume":"26","author":"Sawaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.0704","article-title":"The value of diagnostic testing in carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Szabo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hand Surg."},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.8.647","article-title":"An evaluation of provocative testing in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Walters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref42","first-page":"375","article-title":"Value of contemporary investigation tools in management of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Zaher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt J Neurol Psychiatr Neurosurg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2020.03.002","article-title":"Accuracy of provocative tests for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196648020-00001","article-title":"The carpal-tunnel syndrome","volume":"48-A","author":"Phalen","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(94)90244-5","article-title":"Correlation of clinical signs with nerve conduction tests in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"19","author":"BuchJaeger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Br"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP130417079M","article-title":"Concoradance of clinical and neurophysiologic diagnoses of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Martic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4598(200101)24:1<107::AID-MUS14>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Carpal compression test and pressure provocative test in veterans with median-distribution paresthesias","volume":"24","author":"Kaul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2000.30.11.676","article-title":"Durkan gauge and carpal compression test: accuracy and diagnostic test properties","volume":"30","author":"Wainner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12593-013-0105-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: interobserver reliability of the blinded scratch-collapse test","volume":"6","author":"Blok","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hand Microsurg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193413497191","article-title":"Evaluation of the scratch collapse test for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Makanji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.01.031","article-title":"The accuracy of the scratch collapse test performed by blinded examiners on patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome assessed by Electrodiagnostic studies","volume":"42","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref52","first-page":"348","article-title":"Lack of predictive power of the \u201ctethered\u201d in suspected carpal Ibnnel syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Kaul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23898","article-title":"The lumbrical provocation test in subjects with median inclusive paresthesia","volume":"82","author":"Karl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref54","first-page":"333","article-title":"Upper limb neurodynamic test 1 in patients with clinical diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"3","author":"Trillos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1518\/001872007779598127","article-title":"Guidelines for wrist posture based on carpal tunnel pressure thresholds","volume":"49","author":"Keir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810411005047","article-title":"Predicting the result of nerve conduction tests in carpal tunnel syndrome using a questionnaire","volume":"16","author":"Bridges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hand Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(03)00151-7","article-title":"A clinical questionnaire for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"28 B","author":"Kamath","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22158","article-title":"Questionnaire tools for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome from the patient history","volume":"44","author":"Bland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970515)16:9<981::AID-SIM510>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Variation of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values with disease prevalence","volume":"16","author":"Brenner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CPG1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.0301","article-title":"Hand pain and sensory deficits: carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Erickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.10828","article-title":"Accuracy of the most common provocation tests for diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Arenas-Arroyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023083120071165100_ref62","first-page":"348","article-title":"Lack of predictive power of the \u201ctethered\u201d median stress test in suspected carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Kaul","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029\/49503831\/pzad029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/6\/pzad029\/51318825\/pzad029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/6\/pzad029\/51318825\/pzad029.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T16:16:06Z","timestamp":1693498566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029\/7075687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"article-number":"pzad029"}}