{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T02:55:46Z","timestamp":1785207346069,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The goal of this scoping review was to determine the types and rates of pain and dysfunction outcomes reported after gender-affirming surgical procedures. In addition, a summary of the involvement of conservative care reported in the literature was produced.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A research librarian conducted searches through multiple databases from inception to 2021. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by a team of at least 2 reviewers. Data were extracted from a custom survey and exported for summary.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty-one papers discussed masculinizing interventions, and 87 papers discussed feminizing procedures. Most of the studies emphasized surgical outcomes. Of the studies reporting pain or dysfunction, few standardized outcomes were used to collect information from patients. The pain was experienced across body regions after surgery for both feminizing and masculinizing procedures. Vaginal stenosis and incontinence were the most common complications reported. Patients were most often managed by physical therapists for vaginal stenosis or dyspareunia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many published studies do not systematically collect specific or standardized information about pain and dysfunction after gender-affirming surgery. Of those studies that do report these outcomes, few detail the involvement of physical therapists in the recovery after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pain and urogenital dysfunction, often managed by physical therapists, occur after gender-affirming surgery, suggesting that physical therapists could have a larger role in the recovery of this patient population after surgery. The extent to which interventions used to manage these conditions in cisgender people will be equally effective in transgender people is unknown at this time. Future studies should use recognized measures to characterize patients\u2019 experiences with pain and dysfunction after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzad045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T19:32:22Z","timestamp":1689881542000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pain and Dysfunction Reported After Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Mark D","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Center for Pain Research and Behavioral Health, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Morgan-Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryl J","family":"Alappattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Center for Pain Research and Behavioral Health, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140106","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with cancer referred for outpatient physical therapy","volume":"95","author":"Alappattu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref2","article-title":"ASPS Media Relations. Gender confirmation surgeries rise 20% in first ever report","journal-title":"Am Soc Plas Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.6231","article-title":"Temporal trends in gender-affirming surgery among transgender patients in the United States","volume":"153","author":"Canner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref4","article-title":"The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref5","volume-title":"New Report Calls for More Comprehensive Data on LGBTQI+ Well-Being","author":"National Academies of Science, Medicine and Engineering"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthcare"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2020.0070","article-title":"Low risk of persistent pain, sensory disturbances, and complications following mastectomy after gender-affirming surgery","volume":"6","author":"Lang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transgend Health"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref9","first-page":"5","article-title":"Phantom penises in transsexuals","volume":"15","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Consc Stud"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2011.02348.x","article-title":"Quality of life and sexual health after sex reassignment surgery in female-to-male transsexuals","volume":"8","author":"Wierckx","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002936","article-title":"Complication rates and outcomes after hysterectomy in transgender men","volume":"132","author":"Bretschneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-020-00293-x","article-title":"Pelvic pain in the transgender man","volume":"9","author":"Moulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e328313679c","article-title":"Penile reconstruction\/formation","volume":"18","author":"Selvaggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/gyn.2021.0054","article-title":"Masculinizing gender affirming surgery","volume":"37","author":"El-Arabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gynecol Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-005-7926-5","article-title":"Sexual and physical health after sex reassignment surgery","volume":"34","author":"De Cuypere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.07.020","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of neoscrotal augmentation with testicular prostheses in transgender men","volume":"16","author":"Pigot","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.23736\/S0393-2249.19.03407-6","article-title":"Systematic review of studies reporting perioperative and functional outcomes following male-to- female gender assignment surgery (MtoF GAS): a call for standardization in data reporting","volume":"71","author":"Cocci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nefrol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.14178","article-title":"Outcomes in chest feminization patients with a history of illicit hormone use and silicone injections","volume":"27","author":"Tirrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3298","article-title":"Long-term outcome of augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals: a questionnaire survey of 107 patients","volume":"53","author":"Kanhai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2019.03.003","article-title":"Breast augmentation in male-to-female transgender patients: technical considerations and outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.03.006","article-title":"Male-to-female gender confirmation surgery: intestinal Vaginoplasty","volume":"45","author":"Claes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.03.007","article-title":"Vaginoplasty complications","volume":"45","author":"Ferrando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.06.19","article-title":"Overview of surgical techniques in gender-affirming genital surgery","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13030","article-title":"Penile inversion vaginoplasty outcomes: complications and satisfaction","volume":"9","author":"Hontscharuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2019.07.012","article-title":"Management of vaginoplasty and phalloplasty complications","volume":"46","author":"Scahrdein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol Clin N Am"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23001","article-title":"Complications of the neovagina in male-to-female transgender surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis with discussion of management","volume":"31","author":"Dreher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref27","first-page":"S45","article-title":"Development and validation of a patient-reported symptomatology questionnaire for transgender women following gender-confirming vaginoplasty","volume":"25","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstruct Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003236","article-title":"Implementation of a pelvic floor physical therapy program for transgender women undergoing gender-affirming vaginoplasty","volume":"133","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01379.x","article-title":"A report from a single institute\u2019s 14-year experience in treatment of male-to-female transsexuals","volume":"6","author":"Imbimbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000004427","article-title":"Predictors of patient satisfaction and postoperative complications in penile inversion vaginoplasty","volume":"141","author":"Massie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00698.x","article-title":"A follow-up study of operated transsexual males","volume":"63","author":"Sorensen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820924635","article-title":"Initial facial feminization surgery experience in a Multicenter integrated health care system","volume":"163","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13022","article-title":"Sexual health after vaginoplasty: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Kloer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000791","article-title":"Operated male-to-female sexual function index: validity of the first questionnaire developed to assess sexual function after male-to-female gender affirming surgery","volume":"204","author":"Vedovo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2023080113022960100_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2021.08.005","article-title":"Aftercare needs following gender-affirming surgeries: findings from the ENIGI Multicenter European follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Brouwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad045\/50918637\/pzad045.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/7\/pzad045\/51015604\/pzad045.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/103\/7\/pzad045\/51015604\/pzad045.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T13:08:04Z","timestamp":1690895284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad045\/7227109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzad045","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"article-number":"pzad045"}}