{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T03:39:17Z","timestamp":1793245157860,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Women\u2019s health in physical therapy has historically focused on sexual and reproductive health. The biological and social constructs of sex and gender, respectively, are determinants of health, including pathophysiology of disease and therapeutic outcomes, and an expansion of the concept of \u201cwomen\u2019s health\u201d is warranted. This Perspective explores the role of sex and gender as key determinants of women\u2019s and girls\u2019 health and highlights the factors pertinent to physical therapist practice. The Scale for the Assessment for Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), a 6-point assessment to evaluate the quality of narrative reviews, was used a priori and consulted throughout. Across the lifespan, sex- and gender-based health disparities exist. These include sex-based disparities in maternal\u2013fetal outcomes linking female fetal sex to maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, along with a sex-based female advantage in birth outcomes and the emergence of gender differences in motor development. A complex interplay of biological and socially influenced factors contributes to an increased care burden for women throughout adulthood and specific risks for the development of cardiovascular and pelvic floor conditions, decreased function, and increased disability. Sex- and gender-disaggregated data are lacking in outcomes literature. A sex- and gender-informed approach in physical therapy, including analyzing data by sex and gender, may better meet the needs of patients and better prepare physical therapist professionals to contribute to women\u2019s health across the lifespan. Success will take coordinated effort involving many stakeholders within and adjacent to the physical therapist community. The influence of sex and gender are lifelong determinants of health, making them critically important to consider in physical therapist practice, education, research, advocacy, and policy. In women\u2019s health, focusing on sexual and reproductive health is limiting and insufficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T21:40:12Z","timestamp":1725140412000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Women\u2019s Health Across the Lifespan: A Sex- and Gender-Focused Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8442-0771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"McKinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mama LLC , Canton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LTI Physio LLC , Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4168-9575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E","family":"Keyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mama LLC , Canton, Massachusetts ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California , San Francisco, California ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref1","volume-title":"Women\u2019s Health Innovation Opportunity Map 2023\u201350 High-Return Opportunities to Advance Global Women\u2019s Health R and D","author":"Innovation Equity Forum","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30283-1","article-title":"Measurement and meaning: reporting sex in health research","volume":"393","author":"Hawkes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6358624","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6358624","article-title":"\u201cBrave men\u201d and \u201cemotional women\u201d: a theory-guided literature review on gender bias in health care and gendered norms towards patients with chronic pain","volume":"2018","author":"Samulowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","article-title":"Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine","volume":"396","author":"Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33135-0","article-title":"Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter?","volume":"393","author":"Shannon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1669353","article-title":"Theorising women's health and health inequalities: shaping processes of the ``gender-biology nexus''","volume-title":"Glob Health Action","year":"2018"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref7","volume-title":"Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies: Volume I","author":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Ethical and Legal Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies, Mastroianni AC, Faden R, Federman D, eds."},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000002027","article-title":"The more things change, the more they stay the same: a study to evaluate compliance with inclusion and assessment of women and minorities in randomized controlled trials HHS public access","volume":"93","author":"Geller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32340-0","article-title":"Global estimates of the need for rehabilitation based on the global burden of disease study 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Cieza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003610","article-title":"Achieving gender equity is our responsibility: leadership matters","volume":"95","author":"Acosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872613496940","article-title":"Do clinical factors explain persistent sex disparities in the use of acute reperfusion therapy in STEMI in Sweden and Canada?","volume":"2","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1089\/152460902760360595","article-title":"Gender bias in physicians\u2019 management of neck pain: a study of the answers in a Swedish national examination","volume":"11","author":"Hamberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Womens Health Gend Based Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040516","article-title":"Gender medicine and physiotherapy: a need for education. Findings from an Italian National Survey","volume":"8","author":"Bisconti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.198358","article-title":"A life-course approach to health: synergy with sustainable development goals","volume":"96","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA\u2014a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23884","article-title":"A general theory of sexual differentiation","volume":"95","author":"Arnold","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00144","article-title":"Effect of Fetal sex on maternal and obstetric outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Al-Qaraghouli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2010.12.011","article-title":"Impact of fetal sex in pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia in Japan","volume":"89","author":"Shiozaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1159\/000077967","article-title":"Gender does matter in perinatal medicine","volume":"19","author":"Sheiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1139566","article-title":"The impact of fetal gender and ethnicity on the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in women with symptoms of preterm labor","volume":"29","author":"Wilms","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1763","article-title":"Fetal sex and the natural history of maternal risk of diabetes during and after pregnancy","volume":"100","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12989","article-title":"Sex of the baby and future maternal risk of type 2 diabetes in women who had gestational diabetes","volume":"33","author":"Retnakaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E832","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701535115","article-title":"Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics","volume":"115","author":"Zarulli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/s1550-8579(07)80004-0","article-title":"Does fetal sex affect pregnancy outcome?","volume":"4","author":"Di Renzo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gend Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-015-0040-z","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate has sex-specific, dose-dependent vasodilator effects on preterm placental vessels","volume":"6","author":"Gray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12291","article-title":"Impact of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight on infant overweight at 1 year of age: associations and sex-specific differences","volume":"13","author":"Bridgman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0195531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195531","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and overweight in offspring at 5-7 years: the OBEGEST cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Le Moullec","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2597","article-title":"Gender bias in mothers\u2019 expectations about infant crawling","volume":"77","author":"Mondschein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02377.x","article-title":"Assessment of sex differences and heterogeneity in motor milestone attainment among populations in the WHO multicentre growth reference study","volume":"450","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2020.101440","article-title":"Exploring gender differences in infant motor development related to parent\u2019s promotion of play","volume":"59","author":"Dinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640701361013","article-title":"Effects of gender and age on motor exam in typically developing children","volume":"32","author":"Larson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J006v26n01_02","article-title":"Gender differences in the attainment of motor skills on the movement assessment battery for children","volume":"26","author":"Junaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Pediatr"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-23","article-title":"Weight status and gender-related differences in motor skills and in child care - based physical activity in young children","volume":"12","author":"Bonvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0358-x","article-title":"Disparities in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among girls and overweight and obese schoolchildren during school-and out-of-school time","volume":"13","author":"Hubbard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01373-x","article-title":"An update on secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents from 1972 to 2015: a systematic review key points","volume":"51","author":"F\u00fchner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105985","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and mental health in older adolescents: a multi-level cross-sectional analysis","volume":"132","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318053e7a2","article-title":"Physical activity, growth, and inflammatory mediators in BMI-matched female adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Ischander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6871","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186871","article-title":"Gender, physical self-perception and overall physical fitness in secondary school students: a multiple mediation model","volume":"17","author":"Jes\u00fas Ruiz-Montero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.10.033","article-title":"Sex differences in motor performance and motor learning in children and adolescents: an increasing male advantage in motor learning and consolidation phase gains","volume":"198","author":"Dorfberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103173","article-title":"Anterior cruciate ligament injury: towards a gendered environmental approach","volume":"55","author":"Parsons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099193","article-title":"IOC consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S): 2018 update","volume":"52","author":"Mountjoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203866900","volume-title":"Gender Equity in Health: The Shifting Frontiers of Evidence and Action","author":"Sen","year":"2009"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref43","first-page":"1","article-title":"American women lost more than 5 million jobs in 2020. Forbes","author":"McGrath","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2009.06.003","article-title":"Global women\u2019s health: a spotlight on caregiving","volume":"44","author":"Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-017-2393-x","article-title":"Paid maternity leave in the United States: associations with maternal and infant health","volume":"22","author":"Jou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000057","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of symptomatic pelvic floor disorders in U.S. women methods","volume":"123","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18315","article-title":"Association of delivery mode with pelvic floor disorders after childbirth","volume":"320","author":"Blomquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.04.001","article-title":"Graphic integration of causal factors of pelvic floor disorders: an integrated lifespan model","volume":"199","author":"Delancey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-019-0999-7","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and future maternal health: how can the evidence guide postpartum management?","volume":"21","author":"Hauspurg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-018-0653-8","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and cardiovascular diseases: current knowledge and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Coutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.385301.BE","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"335","author":"Bellamy","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003497","article-title":"Preeclampsia and future cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00596","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005968","article-title":"Delayed care and mortality among women and men with myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Bugiardini","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024534","article-title":"Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA): developing evidence-based therapies and research agenda for the next decade","volume":"135","author":"Bairey Merz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2013.11.007","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiac rehabilitation enrollment: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Samayoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020661","article-title":"New perspective on why women live longer than men: an exploration of power, gender, social determinants, and capitals","volume":"18","author":"Baum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.2015.1020300","article-title":"Prevention and management of stroke in women","volume":"13","author":"Howe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007985","article-title":"Factors influencing sex differences in poststroke functional outcome","volume":"46","author":"Lisabeth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.024437","article-title":"Sex differences in long-term quality of life among survivors after stroke in the INSTRUCT","volume":"50","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1159\/000500901","article-title":"Sex-related differences in management and outcome of acute ischemic stroke in eligible patients to thrombolysis","volume":"47","author":"Fraticelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023867","article-title":"Sex differences in outcome after endovascular stroke therapy for acute ischemic stroke","volume":"50","author":"Sheth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001276","article-title":"The impact of one\u2019s sex and social living situation on rehabilitation outcomes after a stroke","volume":"99","author":"Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.11.021","article-title":"Influence of age and gender in motor performance in healthy subjects","volume":"302","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264318799223","article-title":"Urinary incontinence is associated with physical performance decline in community-dwelling older women: results from the international mobility in aging study (IMIAS)","volume":"31","author":"Ca Corr\u00eaa","journal-title":"J Aging Health"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002322","article-title":"Characterizing the functional decline of older women with incident urinary incontinence","volume":"130","author":"Parker-Autry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000136","article-title":"Functional disability and compromised mobility among older women with urinary incontinence","volume":"21","author":"Erekson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14545","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in older women: the role of body composition and muscle strength: from the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"65","author":"Suskind","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12272","article-title":"Association of urinary incontinence with impaired functional status among older people living in a long-term care setting","volume":"15","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12316","article-title":"Mobility impairment is associated with urge but not stress urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older women: results from the Oss\u00e9bo study","volume":"120","author":"Fritel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(02)00142-9","article-title":"Trust and the development of health care as a social institution","volume":"56","author":"Gilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref72","volume-title":"Sex Matters: How Male-Centric Medicine Endangers Women\u2019s Health and What We Can Do about It","author":"McGregor","year":"2020"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0235-x","article-title":"One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis","volume":"1","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref74","volume-title":"American Physical Therapy Association Vision Statement","author":"American Physical Therapy Association"},{"key":"2024103014272319900_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0091-9","article-title":"Sex and gender medical education summit: a roadmap for curricular innovation","volume":"7","author":"Chin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121\/58986103\/pzae121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121\/58986103\/pzae121.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121\/58986103\/pzae121.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T19:17:15Z","timestamp":1730315835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121\/7746736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzae121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"article-number":"pzae121"}}