{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:51:14Z","timestamp":1780613474586,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Assessing backward walking ability in older adults is crucial due to its strong association with balance, mobility, and fall risk. The 3-meter backward walk test (3MBWT) provides a quick and valid tool for this purpose.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the 3MBWT and to determine its effectiveness in differentiating between different levels of frailty.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study used a cross-section design.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study was carried out in residential care homes for older adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were able to walk with or without assistance and were excluded if they had a Mini-Mental State Examination score\u2009\u2264\u200917.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants underwent the 3MBWT and the 10-meter walk test (10MWT). In addition, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was administered.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-FI instrument, with participants classified as non-frail, pre-frail, or frail. Reliability of the 3MBWT was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [3,1]), and concurrent validity was assessed using the 10MWT and SPPB. Fall history over the past year was obtained from medical records and participant interviews.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (n\u2009=\u2009217) were categorized as non-frail (27%), pre-frail (31%), or frail (42%). The average 3MBWT times were 5.0, 5.9, and 11.8\u00a0seconds for participants who were non-frail, pre-frail, and frail, respectively. The 3MBWT showed good to excellent intrarater reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.89\u20130.93) and excellent interrater reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.90\u20130.99). It showed strong correlations with the 10MWT (r\u2009=\u20090.91) and SPPB walking speed (r\u00a0=\u20090.94), and a negative correlation with the SPPB total score (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.86). Moderate correlations were found with the Falls Efficacy Scale International (r\u2009=\u20090.71) and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (r\u2009=\u20090.61), and a high correlation with falls in the last 12\u00a0months (r\u00a0=\u20090.74).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 3MBWT is a reliable tool for assessing physical performance and differentiating levels of frailty in older adults, with a strong association with fall history.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 3MBWT offers clinicians a quick, simple, and valid tool for assessing older adults in residential care.<\/jats:p>\n               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