{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:44:54Z","timestamp":1776887094630,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 112\u20132627-M-006-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112\u20132627-M-006-007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113\u20132627-M-006-0,04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113\u20132627-M-006-0,04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114\u20132627-M-006-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114\u20132627-M-006-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The debate on whether different motor and cognitive profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) reflect distinct patterns of comorbidities with significant implications continues in autism research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the motor and cognitive profiles of children with ASD alone as well as those with ASD and comorbid developmental disabilities. Additionally, it was assessed whether the cognitive abilities were linked to the motor performance of children with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The setting was a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnostic groups included ASD (n\u2009=\u2009263), intellectual disability (ID; n\u2009=\u200995), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n\u2009=\u2009222), ASD plus ID (ASD\u2009+\u2009ID; n\u2009=\u200977), ASD plus ADHD (ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD; n\u2009=\u200974), and speech\/language delay (SLD; n\u00a0=\u2009396).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2014Fourth Edition and Movement Assessment Battery for Children\u2014Second Edition were used to examine motor and cognitive profiles and their relationship in 1127 young children who were 36 to 77\u00a0months old.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with ASD, ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD, and SLD performed significantly better than those with ID and ASD\u2009+\u2009ID on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2013Fourth Edition test for cognitive abilities. The ASD\u2009+\u2009ID group exhibited the most pronounced motor deficits, with 89.6% of children experiencing difficulties. Significant associations were found between cognitive abilities and motor skills within the ASD, ASD\u2009+\u2009ID, and ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD groups. Multiple regression revealed that visual-spatial ability predicted motor performance across all groups, while verbal comprehension was a significant predictor of motor performance in the ASD\u2009+\u2009ID, ID, and SLD groups. Working memory was an important predictor of motor performance in the ASD, ASD\u2009+\u2009ADHD, and SLD groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight that children with ASD and comorbid developmental disabilities present unique motor and cognitive profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between specific cognitive domains and motor skills suggests that individual cognitive profiles may help identify distinct etiological subtypes of ASD and associated comorbidities and provide a cognitively informed basis for physical therapy decision-making in early childhood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzag032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:06:28Z","timestamp":1774623988000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motor and cognitive profiles in children who are 3 to 6 years old and have autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1438-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0570-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ru","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Chun","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Educational Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9498-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Fang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan City ,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026042214575574600_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2577","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of autism spectrum disorder symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042214575574600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12362","article-title":"Exploring the cognitive features in children with autism spectrum disorder, their co-twins, and typically developing children within a population-based sample","volume":"56","author":"Brunsdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2020.02.007","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: characteristics, associated behaviors, and early intervention","volume":"67","author":"Kodak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism Spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","author":"Maenner","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/20473869.2020.1764241","article-title":"Comprehensive motor skills assessment in children with autism spectrum disorder yields global deficits","volume":"68","author":"Odeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.010","article-title":"Developmental outcomes in adolescence of children with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability: a systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"126","author":"Rosello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710000991","article-title":"IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from the special needs and autism project (SNAP)","volume":"41","author":"Charman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1279-9","article-title":"Adaptive behavior in toddlers under two with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"44","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042214575574600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2081","article-title":"Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU-AIMS longitudinal European autism project","volume":"12","author":"Tillmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613211020618","article-title":"Cognitive profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder with parent-reported extraordinary talents and personal strengths","volume":"26","author":"Bal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autism."},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00268","article-title":"The co-occurrence of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children - what do we know?","volume":"8","author":"Leitner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042214575574600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0753-x","article-title":"Identification of neuromotor deficits common to autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and imitation deficits specific to autism spectrum disorder","volume":"24","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042214575574600_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2305","article-title":"Differences in developmental functioning profiles between male and female preschoolers children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"13","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042214575574600_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03242.x","article-title":"Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders","volume":"51","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042214575574600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2006.12.003","article-title":"Relationship between motor skill impairment and severity in children with Asperger syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Hilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.02.005","article-title":"Abnormalities of joint mobility and gait in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"36","author":"Shetreat-Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042214575574600_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090607","article-title":"An assessment of the motor performance skills of children with autism Spectrum disorder in the Gulf region","volume":"10","author":"Alsaedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312458597","article-title":"Motor proficiency and physical fitness in adolescent males with and without autism spectrum disorders","volume":"18","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism."},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042214575574600_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2013.07.002","article-title":"Fine and gross motor performance of the MABC-2 by children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042214575574600_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1421-8","article-title":"Motor skills in children aged 7-10 years, diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"42","author":"Whyatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00051","article-title":"Sensory-motor problems in autism","volume":"7","author":"Whyatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Integr Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361309356929","article-title":"Further evidence of complex motor dysfunction in drug naive children with autism using automatic motion analysis of gait","volume":"15","author":"Nobile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autism."},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042214575574600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0813-5","article-title":"Fundamental movement skills in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026042214575574600_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-0981-3","article-title":"Motor coordination in autism spectrum disorders: a synthesis and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Fournier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.10.025","article-title":"Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and interpersonal synchrony between children with and without autism Spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"72","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598276","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.598276","article-title":"Motor development in children with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"Mohd, Nordin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042214575574600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy006","article-title":"Associations of gross motor delay, behavior, and quality of life in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"98","author":"Hedgecock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0170-6","article-title":"A comparison of motor delays in young children: autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and developmental concerns","volume":"37","author":"Provost","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-020-04536-x","article-title":"IQ and sensory symptom severity best predict motor ability in children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"51","author":"Surgent","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.12965\/jer.1836046.023","article-title":"Motor proficiency differences among students with intellectual disabilities, autism, and developmental disability","volume":"14","author":"Jeoung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exerc Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042214575574600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03606.x","article-title":"Stability of motor problems in young children with or at risk of autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, and or developmental coordination disorder","volume":"52","author":"Van Waelvelde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026042214575574600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2989","article-title":"A multimodal approach can identify specific motor profiles in autism and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"16","author":"De Francesco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026042214575574600_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1222","article-title":"Motor learning relies on integrated sensory inputs in ADHD, but over-selectively on proprioception in autism spectrum conditions","volume":"5","author":"Izawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026042214575574600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.3136","article-title":"The relationships between motor skills and executive functions in children with and without autism spectrum disorder","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05022-8","article-title":"The relationship between motor skills and intelligence in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"52","author":"Ramos-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.012","article-title":"The interrelationships between motor, cognitive, and language development in children with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities","volume":"53-54","author":"Houwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.01.016","article-title":"Relations among motor, social, and cognitive skills in pre-kindergarten children with developmental disabilities","volume":"53-54","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp032","article-title":"The canonical relationship between sensory-motor functioning and cognitive processing in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"24","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2020.1793924","article-title":"ADHD and hyperactivity: the influence of cognitive processing demands on gross motor activity level in children","volume":"27","author":"Dekkers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372980","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1372980","article-title":"Comparing fine motor performance among young children with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, and specific developmental disorder of motor function","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref42","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2013Fourth Edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref43","volume-title":"Movement Assessment Battery for Children\u2013Second Edition (Movement ABC\u20132)","author":"Henderson","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103672","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the movement assessment battery second edition test in children with and without motor impairment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"77","author":"Ghayour, Najafabadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.012","article-title":"Influence of relative age on diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Taiwanese children","volume":"172","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.11.023","article-title":"Developmental delay and its demographic and social predictors among preschool-age children in Palestine","volume":"74","author":"Almahmoud","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2016.01.005","article-title":"Demographic profile of families and children in the study to explore early development (SEED): case-control study of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"9","author":"DiGuiseppi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref48","volume-title":"Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities and their Families: Participants, Services, and Outcomes","author":"Hebbeler","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44472-1","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among US children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years, 2018-2021","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0056-y","article-title":"The ASD living biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype","volume":"24","author":"Courchesne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.09.009","article-title":"Inattention and hyperactivity\/impulsivity among children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity-disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability","volume":"70","author":"McClain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0039-0","article-title":"The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"36","author":"Happ\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0040-7","article-title":"Enhanced perceptual functioning in the primary domain of autism","volume":"36","author":"Mottron","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06616-8","article-title":"Evaluation of a visual cognitive style in autism: a cluster analysis","volume":"56","author":"Bled","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"14","key":"2026042214575574600_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9186","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad195","article-title":"Different levels of visuospatial abilities linked to differential brain correlates underlying visual mental segmentation processes in autism","volume":"33","author":"H\u00e9rien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0000000000000745","article-title":"Cognitive profiles and autism symptoms in comorbid down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"41","author":"Hamner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042214575574600_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2838-x","article-title":"Intellectual profiles in the autism Spectrum and other neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"46","author":"Mouga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026042214575574600_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01531.x","article-title":"Development in infants with autism spectrum disorders: a prospective study","volume":"47","author":"Landa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026042214575574600_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617725000189","article-title":"Sensorimotor functions, visuospatial perception and visuospatial abilities in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder","volume":"31","author":"Cundari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042214575574600_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064842","article-title":"Symptoms of ADHD in children with high-functioning autism are related to impaired verbal working memory and verbal delayed recall","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042214575574600_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.3390\/children11121518","article-title":"Motor competence in autistic children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"11","author":"Dionisio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042214575574600_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12050674","article-title":"The relationship between motor coordination ability, cognitive ability, and academic achievement in Japanese children with autism Spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Higashionna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026042214575574600_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024079","article-title":"Cognitive and developmental influences in visual-motor integration skills in young children","volume":"23","author":"Decker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.104.3.763-772","article-title":"Relationships between visual-motor and cognitive abilities in intellectual disabilities","volume":"104","author":"Di Blasi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026042214575574600_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01096.x","article-title":"Profiles and cognitive predictors of motor functions among early school-age children with mild intellectual disabilities","volume":"52","author":"Wuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026042214575574600_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.05.015","article-title":"Comorbid motor deficits in a clinical sample of children with specific language impairment","volume":"34","author":"Finlay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2026042214575574600_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2025.104994","article-title":"A systematic review of language and motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and developmental language disorder (DLD)","volume":"161","author":"Kisjes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026042214575574600_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1541","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2761","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of developmental language impairment in school-aged children: language, cognitive, and motor findings","volume":"118","author":"Webster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010059","article-title":"Gross, fine and visual-motor skills in children with language disorder, speech sound disorder and their combination","volume":"13","author":"Varuzza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026042214575574600_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.09.005","article-title":"Motor function at school age in children with a preschool diagnosis of developmental language impairment","volume":"146","author":"Webster","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzag032\/67601211\/pzag032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/106\/4\/pzag032\/67601211\/pzag032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/106\/4\/pzag032\/67601211\/pzag032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T18:59:55Z","timestamp":1776884395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzag032\/8550901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzag032","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"article-number":"pzag032"}}