{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T12:53:37Z","timestamp":1762001617654,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electrical stimulation is often used to treat weakness in people with spinal cord injury (SCI); however its efficacy for increasing strength and trophism is weak, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle function, trophism, and the Akt pathway signaling involved in muscular plasticity after incomplete SCI in rats.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This was an experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twenty-one adult female Wistar rats were divided into sham, SCI, and SCI plus NMES groups. In injured animals, SCI hemisection was induced by a surgical procedure at the C5-C7 level. The 5-week NMES protocol consisted of biceps brachii muscle stimulation 5 times per week, initiated 48 h after injury. Forepaw function and strength, biceps muscle trophism, and the expression of phosphorylated Akt, p70S6K, and GSK-3\u00df cellular anabolic pathway markers in stimulated muscle tissue were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was an increase in bicep muscle strength in the NMES group compared with the untreated SCI group, from postoperative day 21 until the end of the evaluation period. Also, there was an increase in muscle trophism in the NMES group compared with the SCI group. Forelimb function gradually recovered in both the SCI group and the NMES group, with no differences between them. Regarding muscle protein expression, the NMES group had higher values for phospho-Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and phospho-GSK-3\u00df than did the SCI group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The experimental findings were limited to an animal model of incomplete SCI and may not be fully generalizable to humans.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early cyclical NMES therapy was shown to increase muscle strength and induce hypertrophy after incomplete SCI in a rat model, probably by increasing phospho-Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and phospho-GSK-3\u00df signaling protein synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]],"date-time":"2017-12-01T13:30:41Z","timestamp":1512135041000},"page":"172-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Early Cyclical Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Improves Strength and Trophism by Akt Pathway Signaling in Partially Paralyzed Biceps Muscle After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Gabriel R","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Les\u00e3o Medular (Core of Spinal Cord Injury Research) (NULEME), Programa de P\u00f3s\u2013Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline C do 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Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), and Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palho\u00e7a, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adair R S","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Neurobiologia da Dor e Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o (LANDI), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Fisiol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jocemar","family":"Ilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Pesquisa em Les\u00e3o Medular (NULEME), Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do 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