{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:38:31Z","timestamp":1788867511111,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most disabling symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD). Different land-based rehabilitation approaches based on motor and cognitive strategies can be effective in treating FOG. Although there are data about the efficacy of aquatic therapy in ameliorating this phenomenon, no study has explored the combined effect of land-based therapies plus aquatic therapy in patients with PD who have FOG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary, intensive, motor-cognitive rehabilitation treatment (MIRT) in improving FOG and whether implementation with aquatic therapy (MIRT-AT) adds further benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The design consisted of a single-blind, parallel-group, 1:1 allocation ratio, randomized trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Department of Parkinson Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation at \u201cMoriggia-Pelascini\u201d Hospital (Gravedona ed Uniti, Como, Italy) was used as the setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty hospitalized patients with PD who had FOG in Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 or 5-3 were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty patients with PD\u00a0+\u00a0FOG were randomly assigned to 2 groups: 30 underwent a 4-week MIRT and 30 underwent a 4-week MIRT-AT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcome measure was the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire; secondary outcome measures were total Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), UPDRS II, UPDRS III, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and 6-Minute Walk Test. These measures were assessed both at admission and discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in the 2 groups had similar age, sex distribution, Hoehn and Yahr stage, and most-affected side. At baseline, no difference in outcome measures was observed between the 2 groups. After treatment, a significant time effect was observed for all variables in both groups. No significant time \u00d7 group interaction was observed. A between-group analysis showed nonsignificant differences between values at T1 and values at T0 for all variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The limitations were the lack of a control group and follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that a multidisciplinary, intensive, and goal-based rehabilitation treatment, such as MIRT, improves FOG in patients with PD. Although aquatic therapy could be considered a useful approach for treating FOG, it does not add further benefits to this kind of motor-cognitive rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T12:08:21Z","timestamp":1547035701000},"page":"591-600","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Land Plus Aquatic Therapy Versus Land-Based Rehabilitation Alone for the Treatment of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Clerici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, \u201cMoriggia-Pelascini\u201d Hospital, Gravedona ed Uniti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Maestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Ferrazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parkinson's disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, \u201cMoriggia-Pelascini\u201d Hospital, via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti (CO), 22015, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Frazzitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, \u201cMoriggia-Pelascini\u201d Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011909500772000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S423","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21927","article-title":"Understanding and treating freezing of gait in parkinsonism, proposed working definition, and setting the 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