{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:19:44Z","timestamp":1791598784907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Measurements of residual limb volume often guide decisions on the type and timing of prosthetic prescription. To help inform these decisions, it is important that clinicians use measurement tools that are reliable and valid.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the reliability and validity of measurement tools for residual limb volume in people with limb amputations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A comprehensive search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed on July 11, 2016.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Study Selection<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies were included if they examined the reliability or validity of measurement tools for residual limb volume, were conducted on humans, and were published in English.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Extraction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were extracted from 11 reliability and 4 validity studies and included study characteristics, volumetric estimates, and reliability and validity estimates. The quality of the studies was also rated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Data Synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from 2 studies (38 participants) indicated good to excellent intrarater (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] \u22650.88) and interrater (ICC \u22650.88) reliability and high between-session reliability (coefficient of variation [CV]\u00a0= 10%) for water displacement volumetry. One study (28 participants) reported excellent intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC \u22650.93) for the circumferential method, and data from 2 studies (19 participants) indicated high between-session reliability for the optical surface scanner (CV \u22649.8%). Three studies (26 participants) indicated good to excellent between-session reliability results for computed tomography (CV\u00a0= 9.2%\u201310.9%). One study (7 participants) showed moderate within-session reliability (CV\u00a0= 50%). Using water displacement volumetry as the gold standard, 2 studies (79 participants) indicated excellent validity for the circumferential method ( r\u00a0\u22650.92; ICC \u22650.92). All studies reporting measures of reliability or validity were performed with people who had transtibial amputations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Only studies published in English and in which water displacement volumetry was used as the gold standard were included in this review. The reliability and validity of the quality rating scale used in this review have not been tested.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>On the basis of a limited number of moderate- to high-quality studies with small sample sizes, circumferential and water displacement methods were found to be reliable, and the circumferential method was found to be valid in people with transtibial amputations. There are inadequate data for drawing conclusions about volume measurement methods in people with other types of limb amputations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1549253227000},"page":"612-626","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reliability and Validity of Measurement Tools for Residual Limb Volume in People With Limb Amputations: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7837-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Armitage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2052"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Kark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Czerniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li Khim","family":"Kwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Physiotherapy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.09.0189","article-title":"Residual limb volume change: systematic review of measurement and management","volume":"48","author":"Sanders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2013.11.0243","article-title":"Reduction of residual limb volume in people with transtibial amputation","volume":"51","author":"Tantua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649809164472","article-title":"Morphological changes during early trans-tibial prosthetic fitting","volume":"22","author":"Lilja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-200407001-00003","article-title":"Standards of care","volume":"16","author":"Anon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.25154","article-title":"Hygiene problems of residual limb and silicone liners in transtibial amputees wearing the total surface bearing socket","volume":"82","author":"Hachisuka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.05.019","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted socket suspension compared with pin suspension for lower extremity amputees: effect on fit, activity, and limb volume","volume":"92","author":"Klute","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3109\/03093640902929285","article-title":"Inter- and intra-observer reproducibility and validity of an indirect volume measurement in transtibial amputees","volume":"34","author":"van\u00a0Stuivenberg-Vrielink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib8","first-page":"156","article-title":"Medicine and design investigate residual limb fluctuations: three case studies","volume":"1","author":"Staker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Australas Med J"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.10.0153","article-title":"Shape and volume change in the transtibial residuum over the short term: preliminary investigation of six subjects","volume":"41","author":"Zachariah","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649509080351","article-title":"Validation of spiral CT and optical surface scanning for lower limb stump volumetry","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.01.007","article-title":"Variation in results of volume measurements of stumps of lower-limb amputees: a comparison of 4 methods","volume":"92","author":"de\u00a0Boer-Wilzing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib12","first-page":"332","article-title":"Research methods and reporting","volume":"8","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181d3ea94","article-title":"Variation in measurements of transtibial stump model volume: a comparison of five methods","volume":"89","author":"Bolt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib14","first-page":"11","article-title":"Volume changes occurring in postoperative below-knee residual limbs","volume":"25","author":"Golbranson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib15","first-page":"141","article-title":"Volumetric determinations with CAD\/CAM in prosthetics and orthotics: errors of measurement","volume":"32","author":"Lilja","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01430.2011","article-title":"Reliability and validity of ultrasound measurements of muscle fascicle length and pennation in humans: a systematic review","volume":"114","author":"Kwah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-092063","article-title":"Acromiohumeral distance measurement in rotator cuff tendinopathy: is there a reliable, clinically applicable method? A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"McCreesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E848","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ae625c","article-title":"A systematic review of the reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging for the quantitative assessment of the abdominal and lumbar trunk muscles","volume":"34","author":"Hebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-111","article-title":"The reliability of a quality appraisal tool for studies of diagnostic reliability (QAREL)","volume":"13","author":"Lucas","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.002","article-title":"Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed","volume":"64","author":"Kottner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib22","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib24","first-page":"269","article-title":"3-D imaging of residual limbs using ultrasound","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib25","first-page":"27","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of volumetric determinations using two commercial CAD systems for prosthetics: a technical note","volume":"35","author":"Johansson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648809079397","article-title":"Measuring the shape and volume of an above-knee stump","volume":"12","author":"Krouskop","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1118\/1.596509","article-title":"Basic theory, design, and preliminary evaluation of a laser scanner for shape sensing below-the-knee amputees","volume":"17","author":"Lancaster","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600942101","article-title":"Comparison of the results of four users of a contemporary CAD\/CAM system","volume":"31","author":"McGarry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib29","first-page":"21","article-title":"An evaluation of three casting techniques for patellar-tendon-bearing-prostheses","volume":"29","author":"Quigley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Orthot Prosthetics"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(96)00022-X","article-title":"Cross-sectional area measurement of soft tissue: a new casting method","volume":"29","author":"Race","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2003.03.0193","article-title":"A digitizer with exceptional accuracy for use in prosthetics research: a technical note","volume":"40","author":"Sanders","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-199700940-00006","article-title":"Performance of a continuously sampling hand-held digitizer for residual-limb shape measurement","volume":"9","author":"Vannah","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Prosthetics Orthot"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2005.08.0145","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging technology in transtibial socket research: a pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Buis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90355-0","article-title":"Below-knee residual limb shape change measurement and visualization","volume":"79","author":"Commean","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(96)90037-4","article-title":"Precision of surface measurements for below-knee residua","volume":"77","author":"Commean","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0000000000000002","article-title":"Effectiveness of a modified Icex\u00ae casting technique based on circumferential change in residual limb volume","volume":"25","author":"Day","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648509164818","article-title":"Shape sensing for computer aided below-knee prosthetic socket design","volume":"9","author":"Fernie","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/03093647809177770","article-title":"An instrument for monitoring stump oedema and shrinkage in amputees","volume":"2","author":"Fernie","year":"1978","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib39","first-page":"257","article-title":"Hardware and software considerations in 3D ultrasound imaging of a residual limb","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomed Sci Instrum"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/86.506408","article-title":"A PC-based ultrasonic data acquisition system for computer-aided prosthetic socket design","volume":"4","author":"He","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib41","first-page":"86","article-title":"Test of a vertical scan mode in 3-D imaging of residual limbs using ultrasound","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib42","first-page":"882","article-title":"Proposal of bioinstrumentation using shape deformation of amputated upper limb","volume":"2013","author":"Mori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640008726539","article-title":"Clinical study: changes in interface pressure and stump shape over time\u2014preliminary results from a trans-tibial amputee subject","volume":"24","author":"Sanders","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.2003388","article-title":"A means to accommodate residual limb movement during optical scanning: a technical note","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib45","first-page":"98","article-title":"A computerized device for the volumetric analysis of the residual limbs of amputees","volume":"10-33","author":"Starr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Prosthet Res"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-199704000-00005","article-title":"Three-dimensional lower-extremity residua measurement systems error analysis","volume":"9","author":"Vannier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/86.506406","article-title":"Automated hexahedral mesh generation from biomedical image data: applications in limb prosthetics","volume":"4","author":"Zachariah","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2023011909501952400_bib48","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Correlation between volumes and circumferences of residual limb in below knee amputees","volume":"89","author":"Boonhong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib49","first-page":"77","article-title":"Validity and reliability of girth measurement (circumference measurement) for calculating residual limb volume in below-knee amputees","volume":"51","author":"Boonhong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chula Med J"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib50","first-page":"55","article-title":"The VA-Cyberware lower limb prosthetics-orthotics optical laser digitizer","volume":"32","author":"Houston","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib51","first-page":"66","article-title":"A measurement technique to assess residual limb volume","volume":"8","author":"Krouskop","year":"1979","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.200.3.8756942","article-title":"Residual-limb shape change: three-dimensional CT scan measurement and depiction in vivo","volume":"200","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6522.746","article-title":"Confidence intervals rather than P values: estimation rather than hypothesis testing","volume":"292","author":"Gardner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c869","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Moher","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023011909501952400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00008526-199700920-00009","article-title":"International forum: proper time for permanent prosthetic fitting","volume":"9","author":"Lilja","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/99\/5\/612\/48770215\/ptj_99_5_612.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/99\/5\/612\/48770215\/ptj_99_5_612.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1674128228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/99\/5\/612\/5306468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzz010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-6724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]}}}