{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T03:26:28Z","timestamp":1762917988515,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD078484-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD078484-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012256","name":"Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007249","name":"University of Minnesota","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007249","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011123","name":"University of Minnesota Academic Health Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Center for Magnetic Resonance Research","award":["P41 EB015894","1S10OD017974-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB015894","1S10OD017974-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018188","name":"University of Minnesota Clinical and Translational Science Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perinatal brain injuries often impact the corticospinal system, leading to motor impairment and cerebral palsy. Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been widely used to study corticospinal connectivity in adults and older children, similar studies of young infants are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective was to establish the safety and feasibility of advanced TMS assessments of the corticospinal connectivity of young infants with perinatal brain injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a pilot, cross-sectional study of 3- to 12-month-old (corrected age) infants with perinatal stroke or intracranial hemorrhage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six participants (2 term, 4 preterm) were assessed with stereotactic neuronavigation-guided TMS. Single-pulse TMS was applied to each hemisphere and responses were recorded simultaneously from both upper limbs. During data collection, vital signs and stress responses were measured to assess safety. Developmental motor outcomes were evaluated using the General Movements Assessment and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (3rd edition). A clinical diagnosis of cerebral palsy was recorded, if available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No adverse events occurred during TMS testing. All sessions were well tolerated. Contralateral motor evoked responses were detected in 4 of 6 participants. Both contralateral and ipsilateral responses were observed in 2 of 6 participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>TMS responses were not obtained in all participants. This could be related to the location of brain injury or developmental stage of the corticospinal system controlling the wrist flexor muscle group from which responses were recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provides a summary of the framework for performing novel TMS assessments in infants with perinatal brain injury. Implementing this approach to measure corticospinal connectivity in hypothesis-driven studies in young infants appears to be justified. Such studies could inform the characterization of corticospinal development and the neural mechanisms driving recovery following early interventions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T04:18:21Z","timestamp":1550895501000},"page":"689-700","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as an Exploratory Assessment of Corticospinal Connectivity in Infants After Perinatal Brain Injury: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T","family":"Nemanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 388, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA). Address all correspondence to Dr Nemanich at: nemanich@umn.edu"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Zorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryon","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4753-7246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jed T","family":"Elison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics; and Institute of Child Development, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Stinear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raghu","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Georgieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Menk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Rudser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Gillick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.000739","article-title":"Life after perinatal stroke","volume":"44","author":"Kirton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.07.031","article-title":"Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: presentation, risk factors, evaluation, and outcome","volume":"51","author":"Lehman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70169-5","article-title":"Cystic periventricular leukomalacia and type of cerebral palsy in preterm infants","volume":"125","author":"Rogers","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1689","article-title":"Early, accurate diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy: advances in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"171","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02025.x","article-title":"A systematic review of the clinimetric properties of neuromotor assessments for preterm infants during the first year of life","volume":"50","author":"Spittle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404270843","article-title":"The corticospinal system: from development to motor control","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1543","article-title":"Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development","volume":"57","author":"Eyre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03496.x","article-title":"Hand function in relation to brain lesions and corticomotor-projection pattern in children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"52","author":"Holmstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12353","article-title":"Is outcome of constraint-induced movement therapy in unilateral cerebral palsy dependent on corticomotor projection pattern and brain lesion characteristics?","volume":"56","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03119.x","article-title":"Do patients with congenital hemiparesis and ipsilateral corticospinal projections respond differently to constraint-induced movement therapy?","volume":"50","author":"Kuhnke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315625838","article-title":"Skilled bimanual training drives motor cortex plasticity in children with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"30","author":"Friel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.05.006","article-title":"Preserved crossed corticospinal tract and hand function despite extensive brain maldevelopment","volume":"41","author":"Juenger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.02.001","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and constraint-induced therapy in cerebral palsy: a randomized, blinded, sham-controlled clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Gillick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.04.021","article-title":"Cortical excitability and interhemispheric inhibition after subcortical pediatric stroke: plastic organization and effects of rTMS","volume":"121","author":"Kirton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21108","article-title":"Is hemiplegic cerebral palsy equivalent to amblyopia of the corticospinal system?","volume":"62","author":"Eyre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib16","first-page":"39","article-title":"Biomarkers and bioindicators: providing clarity in the face of complexity","volume":"29","author":"Raiten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Directions in Nutritional Assessment"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.049","article-title":"The UNC\/UMN Baby Connectome Project (BCP): an overview of the study design and protocol development","volume":"185","author":"Howell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000365","article-title":"Understanding brain reorganization in infants with perinatal stroke through neuroexcitability and neuroimaging","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62226-X","article-title":"Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"377","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"volume-title":"Prechtl's Method on the Qualitative Assessment of General Movements in Preterm, Term, and Young Infants","year":"2004","author":"Einspieler","key":"2023011902094016600_bib20"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282906297199","article-title":"Test review: Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development\u2013 Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment","volume":"25","author":"Albers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00056","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: a protocol and risk mitigation guide","volume":"6","author":"Gillick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.009","article-title":"Safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in children: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012","article-title":"Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807307972","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation in child neurology: current and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Frye","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2008.10.019","article-title":"Motor potentials by magnetic stimulation in periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"40","author":"Santiago-Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380101601205","article-title":"Subjective reactions of children to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Garvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00130-5","article-title":"Cortical correlates of neuromotor development in healthy children","volume":"114","author":"Garvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802001-2.00017-5","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation neurophysiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume-title":"Pediatric Brain Stimulation","author":"Barlow","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802001-2.00002-3","article-title":"Assessing normal developmental neurobiology with brain stimulation","volume-title":"Pediatric Brain Stimulation","author":"Limburg","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802001-2.00008-4","article-title":"TMS Applications in ADHD and developmental disorders","volume-title":"Pediatric Brain Stimulation","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802001-2.00009-6","article-title":"TMS mapping of motor development after perinatal brain injury","volume-title":"Pediatric Brain Stimulation","author":"Staudt","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.06.015","article-title":"Primary motor cortex excitability during recovery after stroke: implications for neuromodulation","volume":"8","author":"Stinear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306291858","article-title":"Constraint-induced movement therapy during early stroke rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Boake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.06.007","article-title":"A comparison of primed low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments in chronic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Cassidy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090075","article-title":"Interhemispheric modulation induced by cortical stimulation and motor training","volume":"90","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/116.5.1223","article-title":"Patterns of central motor reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy","volume":"116","author":"Carr","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01262.x","article-title":"Reorganization after pre- and perinatal brain lesions","volume":"217","author":"Staudt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00117","article-title":"Upper limb function and cortical organization in youth with unilateral cerebral palsy","volume":"5","author":"Mackey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316675427","article-title":"Does corticospinal tract connectivity influence the response to intensive bimanual therapy in children with unilateral cerebral palsy?","volume":"31","author":"Smorenburg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.624858","article-title":"Does diffusion tensor imaging-based tractography at 3 months of age contribute to the prediction of motor outcome after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke?","volume":"42","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Aa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12160","article-title":"Neonatal neuroimaging predicts recruitment of contralesional corticospinal tracts following perinatal brain injury","volume":"55","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Aa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.01.009","article-title":"MRI for neurodevelopmental prognostication in the high-risk term infant","volume":"39","author":"Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.502229","article-title":"Remodeling the brain: plastic structural brain changes produced by different motor therapies after stroke","volume":"39","author":"Gauthier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00386-3","article-title":"Motor cortex plasticity during constraint-induced movement therapy in stroke patients","volume":"250","author":"Liepert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx045","article-title":"Early intensive leg training to enhance walking in children with perinatal stroke: protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"97","author":"Hurd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017204","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017204","article-title":"REACH: study protocol of a randomised trial of rehabilitation very early in congenital hemiplegia","volume":"7","author":"Boyd","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059417709177","article-title":"Determining electrode placement for transcranial direct current stimulation: a comparison of EEG- versus TMS-guided methods","volume":"48","author":"Rich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90135-X","article-title":"Magnetic brain stimulation and brain size: relevance to animal studies","volume":"85","author":"Weissman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033","article-title":"Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"109","author":"Opitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.061","article-title":"Impact of the gyral geometry on the electric field induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"54","author":"Thielscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2023011902094016600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273090","article-title":"A critical period of corticomuscular and EMG-EMG coherence detection in healthy infants aged 9-25 weeks","volume":"595","author":"Ritterband-Rosenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"}],"container-title":["Physical Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/99\/6\/689\/48759840\/pzz028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article-pdf\/99\/6\/689\/48759840\/pzz028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T02:06:55Z","timestamp":1721009215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ptj\/article\/99\/6\/689\/5365407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzz028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9023","1538-6724"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-9023"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1538-6724"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]]}}}