{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1777149320546,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104\u20132314-B-002-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104\u20132314-B-002-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have investigated multidimensional developments and free-play movement performance in toddlers with an early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared cognitive, motor, and behavioral developments and free-play movement performance in toddlers with ASD who were full term (FT-ASD), toddlers who were full term and are typically developing (FT-TD), and toddlers who were born preterm and had a very low birth weight (VLBW-PT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a prospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-five 30- to 36-month-old age-matched toddlers were recruited and divided into FT-ASD, FT-TD, and VLBW-PT groups. Their developments were examined using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning; the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition; the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5 to 5; and the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised. In addition, the toddlers\u2019 free-play movements were tracked in laboratory settings using an automatic movement tracking system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toddlers with FT-ASD exhibited lower cognitive and motor scores and a higher degree of behavioral problems compared with toddlers with FT-TD or VLBW-PT. Furthermore, the movement tracking data in a free-play setting revealed that toddlers with FT-ASD displayed a higher degree of turning velocity, a higher moving time, and a higher frequency of moving toward the peripheral region compared with toddlers with FT-TD or VLBW-PT. Moreover, several motor developmental and movement-tracking indicators were found to correlate with behavioral problems and cognitive scores in toddlers with FT-ASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study results may have been affected by the small sample size, the cross-sectional design, and tracking only the whole body without subtle movements or segmental motions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest varied aspects of co-occurring developmental conditions and movement-based problems in toddlers with FT-ASD. Using standardized and sensitive measures for the early assessment of perceptuo-motor impairments is necessary for timely early intervention for such toddlers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T11:09:28Z","timestamp":1564484968000},"page":"1535-1550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Multidimensional Developments and Free-Play Movement Tracking in 30- to 36-Month-Old Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Were Full Term"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ching","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suh-Fang","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Nien","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , National Taiwan University Children Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pou-Leng","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Jen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Prevention Medicine , National Taiwan University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shih-Ya","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao-Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Psychology , National Taiwan University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen-Tzu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy , College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Room 317, Floor 3, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023011909594776700_ref1","first-page":"50","volume-title":"American Psychiatric Association. 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