{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:09:11Z","timestamp":1778627351907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organisation introduced a target to reduce hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a public health threat by 2030. Testing and treatment of those at elevated risk of infection in prison is key to achieving disease elimination. An opt-out testing policy for those in prison was introduced in Wales, UK, in 2016.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed all Wales laboratory data where the testing site was a prison. We analysed numbers tested and positivity for a 14-month period before and after the introduction of opt-out testing policy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Between September 2015 and December 2017, 6949 HCV tests were from prison settings in Wales, equating to 29% of admissions to prison (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001). All but one prison increased testing following the introduction of opt-out policy. Percentage positivity for HCV remained at 11% before and after opt-out policy (P\u00a0=\u00a00.572). Short-stay prisons saw higher rates of HCV positivity than long stay.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data suggest implementation of opt-out policy improved uptake and diagnosis of HCV amongst those in prison; however, further effort is required to fully embed screening for all. Positivity remains high amongst those in prison, particularly in short-stay prisons. Laboratory data can support audit of opt-out policy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T20:10:39Z","timestamp":1580933439000},"page":"423-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of HCV in prisons in Wales, UK and the impact of moving to opt-out HCV testing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie E","family":"Perrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Plimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ananda Giri","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Team, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Craine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Public Health Wales, Bangor LL57 2PW, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6357-x","article-title":"Offering HCV treatment to prisoners is an important opportunity: key principles based on policy and practice assessment in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Stover","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10049","key":"2020052704200861000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30466-4","article-title":"Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees","volume":"388","author":"Dolan","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020052704200861000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr011","article-title":"Hepatitis C and B testing in English prisons is low but increasing","volume":"33","author":"Kirwan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref4","volume-title":"Combating Hepatitis B and C to Reach Elimination by 2030 in 2016","author":"WHO"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13071","article-title":"Testing for hepatitis C virus infection in UK prisons: what actually happens?","author":"Jack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref6","article-title":"Welsh Health Circular: attaining the WHO targets for elimination hepatitis (B and C) as a significant threat to public health in 2017","author":"Welsh Government"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref7","volume-title":"UK Prison Population Statistics Briefing Paper","author":"Sturge","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref8","article-title":"Welsh Health Circular: opt-out blood borne virus testing in prisons in 2016","author":"Welsh Government"},{"issue":"24","key":"2020052704200861000_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i24.7412","article-title":"Hepatitis C treatment in the elderly: new possibilities and controversies towards interferon free regimens","volume":"21","author":"Vespasiani-Gentilucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020052704200861000_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPH-09-2016-0053","article-title":"Older and incarcerated: policy implications of aging prison populations","volume":"13","author":"Psick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref11","volume-title":"Prison Population Projections 2018 to 2023","author":"Ministry of Justice","year":"2018"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref12","volume-title":"Blood-Borne Virus Opt Out Testing in Prisons: Preliminary Evaluation of the Pathfinder Programme in 2015","author":"Public Health England"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0230-1","article-title":"Harm reduction and viral hepatitis C in European prisons: a cross-sectional survey of 25 countries","volume":"15","author":"Bielen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"2020052704200861000_ref14","volume-title":"Public Health Guidance on HIV, Hepatitis B and C Testing in the EU\/EEA","author":"ECDC","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/42\/2\/423\/33294698\/fdaa022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/42\/2\/423\/33294698\/fdaa022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T08:23:33Z","timestamp":1590567813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/42\/2\/423\/5748382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]}}}