{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:17:17Z","timestamp":1790821037862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007155","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Health, Scottish Government"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004186","name":"Northwest Regional Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004186","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chilean Government","award":["2018-72190067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-72190067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia and malnutrition are clinical conditions that share similar diagnostic criteria. This study aimed to investigate the clustering and mortality risk among these clinical conditions in middle- and older-aged adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>111 983 participants from UK Biobank were included. Sarcopenia was defined according to the EWGSOP 2019 while frailty using a modified version of the Fried criteria. Cachexia was defined using the Evans et al. classification and malnutrition using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition. The exposure variable was categorized as: no conditions; frailty only (one condition); frailty with sarcopenia (two conditions); frailty with \u22652 other conditions (three or four conditions). Its association with all-cause mortality was investigated using Cox-proportional hazard analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frailty had the highest prevalence (45%) and was present in 92.1% of people with malnutrition and everyone with sarcopenia or cachexia. Compared with people with no conditions, those with frailty only and frailty with sarcopenia had higher risk of all-cause mortality. Individuals with frailty plus \u22652 other conditions had even higher risk (HR: 4.96 [95% CI: 2.73 to 9.01]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The four clinical conditions investigated overlapped considerably, being frailty the most common. The risk of all-cause mortality increased with the increasing number of conditions in addition to frailty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T09:53:42Z","timestamp":1605002022000},"page":"e172-e180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Frailty, sarcopenia, cachexia and malnutrition as comorbid conditions and their associations with mortality: a prospective study from UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Fanny","family":"Petermann-Rocha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , , Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill P","family":"Pell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Celis-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences , , Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8TA, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Exercise Physiology Research (CIFE) , , Santiago 8330015, Chile"},{"name":"Universidad Mayor , , Santiago 8330015, Chile"},{"name":"Research Group in Education , Physical Activity and Health (GEEAFyS), , Talca 3466706, Chile"},{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule , Physical Activity and Health (GEEAFyS), , Talca 3466706, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick K","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"},{"name":"University of Glasgow , , Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e328352694f","article-title":"Malnutrition, fatigue, frailty, vulnerability, sarcopenia and cachexia: overlap of clinical features","volume":"15","author":"Jeejeebhoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00192","article-title":"Sarcopenia and physical frailty: two sides of the same coin","volume":"6","author":"Cesari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-455","article-title":"Sarcopenia and frailty: new challenges for clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Dodds","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000435","article-title":"Malnutrition is associated with increased mortality in older adults regardless of the cause of death","volume":"117","author":"Soderstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0806-8","article-title":"How clinical practitioners assess frailty in their daily practice: an international survey","volume":"29","author":"Bruy\u00e8re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2022062705470538200_ref6","volume-title":"WHO Clinical Consortium on Healthy Ageing. 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