{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T01:31:11Z","timestamp":1772155871632,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,7]],"date-time":"2021-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021078","name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021078","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupational exposure has been suggested to contribute to a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among immigrants. We aim to assess this hypothesis in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2729\u00a0627 adults born in Norway, Somalia, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Turkey, we examined whether persons employed as taxi drivers, bus and tram drivers, child care workers, nurses, personal care workers in health, food service counter attendants, waiters\/bartenders, cleaners and shop sale persons had a higher risk of COVID-19, from 1 April 2020 to 2 December 2020, compared with (i) Norwegian-born in the same occupational group and (ii) all others with the same birth country and aged 20\u201370\u00a0years, using logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within each occupational group, immigrants had a greatly increased odds of COVID-19 when compared with Norwegian-born (odds ratio [OR]\u00a0~\u00a01.66\u201312.72). However, immigrants working in the selected occupations had the same odds of COVID-19 as person with same birth country not having the same occupation (OR\u00a0~\u00a01). Exceptions were Somalian, Afghani and Iraqi personal care workers in health services who had an increased odds of COVID-19 compared with others from the same country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occupation is not an important driver of the high rates of COVID-19 among immigrants from Somalia, Pakistan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Turkey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T16:39:01Z","timestamp":1633019941000},"page":"6-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Occupational risk of COVID-19 by country of birth. A register-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marte","family":"Kj\u00f8llesdal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health , , 0213 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Health Services Research , , 0213 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian University of Lifesciences, Institute of Public Health Science , 1433 \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health , , 0213 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Health Services Research , , 0213 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820984026","article-title":"Covid-19 among immigrants in Norway; notified infections, related hospitalizations and associated mortality. A register-based study","volume":"49","author":"Indseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","first-page":"20099","volume-title":"F\u00f6rekomst av covid-19 i olika yrkesgrupper. Bekr\u00e4ftade covid-19 fall i Sverige 13 mars - 27 maj 2020. [Prevalence of covid-19 in different occupational groups. Confirmed cases in Sweden March 13th to May 27th]","author":"Folkeh\u00e4lsomyndigheten, Sweden","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"COVID-19 og herkomst \u2013 opdateret fokusrapport [COVID-19 and country of origin. An Updated Focus Report]","author":"Statens Serumsinstitutt, Denmark","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01640-8","article-title":"Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: prospective cohort study using UK Biobank","volume":"18","author":"Niedzwiedz","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30371-6","article-title":"Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 among patients in the Oxford Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care network: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Lusignan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2020.04.038","article-title":"Are African American and Hispanics disproportionately affected by COVID-19 because of higher obesity rates?","volume":"16","author":"Maher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Obes Relat Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa095","article-title":"Greater risk of severe COVID-19 in Black, Asian and minority ethnic populations is not explained by cardiometabolic, socioeconomic or behavioural factors, or by 25(OH)-vitamin D status: study of 1326 cases from the UK Biobank","volume":"42","author":"Raisi-Estabragh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust J Public Health"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","first-page":"307","article-title":"Occupation and risk of severe COVID-19: prospective cohort study of 120,075 UK Biobank participants","author":"Mutambudzi","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Which Occupations Have the Highest Potential Exposure to the Coronavirus (Covid-19)?","author":"Office for National Statistics"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Preprint MedRxiv","author":"Magnusson","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031519054475400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa036","article-title":"Occupational risks for COVID-19 infection","volume":"70","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Beredskapsregisteret for covid-19 [Preparedness register for covid-19]","author":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Forskrift om Meldingssystem for smittsomme sykdommer [Regulation of Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Disease]","author":"FOR-2003-06-20-740"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Meldingskriterier for sykdommer i MSIS [Criterias for Notification of Disease in MSIS]","author":"Folkehelseinstituttet"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"MSIS meldingsskjema. Nominativ melding om smittsom sykdom. [Notification to MSIS, Nominative Notification of Communicable Disease]","author":"Folkehelseinstituttet"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"International Standard Classification of Occupations. Structure, Group Definitions and Correspondence Tables","author":"Statistics Norway","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Trangboddhet etter innvandringskategori [Crowded Housing According to Immigrant Background]","author":"Statistics Norway","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"MedRxiv preprint","author":"Labberton","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Fakta om innvandring [Facts About Immigration]","author":"Statistics Norway"},{"key":"2023031519054475400_","volume-title":"Covid-19 etter f\u00f8deland fra mars 2020 til februar 2021 [Covid-19 by country of birth March 2020\u2013February 2021], Rapport 2021","author":"Indseth","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/6\/49527145\/fdab362.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/1\/6\/49527145\/fdab362.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T14:38:01Z","timestamp":1699540681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/45\/1\/6\/6382416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdab362","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.03.17.21253349","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}