{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:37:25Z","timestamp":1791549445946,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Vice President for Research and Partnerships COVID-19 Rapid Response Seed"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Face mask use offers an important public health tool for reducing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet the politicization of COVID-19 has resulted in uneven adherence. This study assesses the effects of setting characteristics and the sociodemographic composition of crowds on group-level masking rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted 123 site observations of masking behavior at public locations across Oklahoma (USA) between June and September 2020. We used analyses of variance and t-tests to examine variation in masking and ordinary least squares regression to model the effect of setting and sociodemographic characteristics on site-level masking rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The masking rate across all sites averaged 34% but varied widely. Site-level masking rates were higher at metropolitan sites and sites with a store or municipal masking mandate. The masking rate at sites where women or older adults (60+) were the predominant group did not differ significantly from other sites. Ethnically diverse sites exhibited significantly higher masking rates compared with predominantly white sites. Findings indicate that setting characteristics explained a greater amount of variation in collective masking rates than sociodemographic differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study underscores the importance of place and policy for mask adherence. In the absence of state-level mandates, masking policies at a more local level may be effective.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T20:11:39Z","timestamp":1642018299000},"page":"e87-e94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Collective health behavior and face mask utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma, USA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A","family":"Bray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Social Research , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Social Research , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Social Research , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma , , Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori L","family":"Jervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology , Center for Applied Social Research, , Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"University of Oklahoma , Center for Applied Social Research, , Norman, OK 73019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031519155347200_","article-title":"CDC now recommends Americans consider wearing cloth face coverings in public","author":"Dwyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPR"},{"key":"2023031519155347200_","first-page":"4801","article-title":"Face off: polarized public opinions on personal face mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Yeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Big Data"},{"key":"2023031519155347200_","volume-title":"Face masks make a political statement in era of coronavirus","author":"Weissert","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023031519155347200_","first-page":"2","article-title":"Messaging and the political symbolism of the face mask","volume":"97","author":"Wessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Social Science Review"},{"key":"2023031519155347200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.01.034","article-title":"Associations between governor political affiliation and COVID-19 cases, deaths, and testing in the u.S","author":"Neelon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031519155347200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-8802162","article-title":"Pandemic politics: timing state-level social distancing responses to COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Adolph","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Polit Policy Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031519155347200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249891","article-title":"Mask adherence and rate of COVID-19 across the United States","volume":"16","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023031519155347200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12556","article-title":"Rural and urban differences in COVID-19 prevention behaviors","volume":"37","author":"Callaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023031519155347200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240785","article-title":"Who is wearing a mask? 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