{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T02:09:21Z","timestamp":1762999761052,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C63710\/A27908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C63710\/A27908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Exposure to alcohol, tobacco and foods high in fat, sugar or salt (HFSS) content in media is a risk factor for smoking, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content in a sample of reality TV programmes broadcast on TV and video-on-demand services throughout a 1-year period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used 1-min interval coding to quantify content in all episodes of 20 different reality TV programmes between August 2019 and August 2020 and estimated population exposure to a sample of these programmes using viewing data and UK population estimates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We coded 13\u00a0244 intervals from 264 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 227 intervals (2%) across 43 episodes (2%), alcohol in 5167 intervals (39%) across 258 episodes (98%) and HFSS in 1752 intervals (13%) across 234 episodes (88%). A sample of 15 series delivered ~157.4 million tobacco, 3.5 billion alcohol and 1.9 billion HFSS gross impressions to the UK population, including 24\u00a0000, 12.6 million and 21.4 million, to children, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tobacco, alcohol and HFSS content are common in reality TV programmes. These programmes deliver exposure to tobacco, alcohol and HFSS imagery, which are a potential driver of tobacco use, alcohol use and HFSS consumption in young people.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T19:14:27Z","timestamp":1648581267000},"page":"287-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exposure to tobacco, alcohol and \u2018Junk food\u2019 content in reality TV programmes broadcast in the UK between August 2019\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-5114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander B","family":"Barker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael L","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Lifespan and Population Health , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK"},{"name":"SPECTRUM Consortium , UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Statistics on Smoking, England 2020","year":"2021","author":"NHS","key":"2023061611122305700_ref1"},{"volume-title":"Statistics on Alcohol, England 2020","author":"Office for National Statistics","key":"2023061611122305700_ref2"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061611122305700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2009.11.2074","article-title":"The medical risks of obesity","volume":"121","author":"Pi-Sunyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"volume-title":"Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England 2020","year":"2020","author":"NHS","key":"2023061611122305700_ref4"},{"volume-title":"Smoking and tobacco: applying all our health","year":"2017","author":"Public Health England","key":"2023061611122305700_ref5"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023061611122305700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00846.x","article-title":"Teenage drinking and the onset of alcohol dependence: a cohort study over seven years","volume":"99","author":"Bonomo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611122305700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.2.407S","article-title":"Psychological influences on the childhood diet","volume":"128","author":"Birch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-1-14","article-title":"Tracking of physical activity, fitness, body composition and diet from adolescence to young adulthood: The young hearts project, Northern Ireland","volume":"1","author":"Boreham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023061611122305700_ref9","first-page":"e489","article-title":"American Heart Association Childhood Obesity Research Summit Report","volume":"119","author":"Daniels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611122305700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x","article-title":"Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.220","article-title":"Early overweight and pubertal maturation - pathways of association with young adults' overweight: a longitudinal study","volume":"33","author":"Mamun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023061611122305700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00997.x","article-title":"Overweight and obesity from childhood to adulthood: a follow-up of participants in the 1985 Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey","volume":"186","author":"Venn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"14","key":"2023061611122305700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803527","article-title":"Acceleration of BMI in Early Childhood and Risk of Sustained Obesity","volume":"379","author":"Geserick","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023061611122305700_ref14","article-title":"US Department of Health and National Services","volume-title":"Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults: A report of the Surgeon General","author":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health (ed)","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn115","article-title":"Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"44","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-51","article-title":"The effect of alcohol advertising, marketing and portrayal on drinking behaviour in young people: systematic review of prospective cohort studies","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061611122305700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3880","article-title":"Portrayal of alcohol consumption in movies and drinking initiation in low-risk adolescents","volume":"133","author":"Hanewinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061611122305700_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314530451","article-title":"The association of media exposure and media literacy with adolescent alcohol and tobacco use","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023061611122305700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13418","article-title":"Smoking in movies and smoking initiation in adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Leonardi-Bee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"volume-title":"Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2012","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2023061611122305700_ref20"},{"volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2014","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","key":"2023061611122305700_ref21"},{"volume-title":"The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 19","year":"2008","author":"National Cancer Institute","key":"2023061611122305700_ref22"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611122305700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.120022","article-title":"Advertising as a cue to consume: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute exposure to unhealthy food and nonalcoholic beverage advertising on intake in children and adults","volume":"103","author":"Boyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"volume-title":"High Fat, Salt, Sugar Foods Marketing, Purchase and Consumption: Evidence for PAS 2500","year":"2014","author":"Institute for Social Marketing","key":"2023061611122305700_ref24"},{"volume-title":"Under pressure: New evidence on young people's broadcast marketing exposure in the UK","year":"2018","author":"Cancer Research-UK","key":"2023061611122305700_ref25"},{"volume-title":"10 years on: new evidence on TV marketing and junk food consumption amongst 11\u201319 year olds 10 years after broadcast regulations","year":"2018","author":"Cancer Research UK","key":"2023061611122305700_ref26"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002012","article-title":"Association between commercial television exposure and fast-food consumption among adults","volume":"12","author":"Scully","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.09.020","article-title":"Association between food marketing exposure and adolescents\u2019 food choices and eating behaviors","volume":"58","author":"Scully","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023061611122305700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.011","article-title":"The effects of television advertisements for junk food versus nutritious food on children\u2019s food attitudes and preferences","volume":"65","author":"Dixon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-016-0166-6","article-title":"The impact of marketing and advertising on food behaviours: Evaluating the evidence for a causal relationship","volume":"5","author":"Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Nutrition Reports"},{"volume-title":"Media Nations 2020","year":"2020","author":"Ofcom","key":"2023061611122305700_ref31"},{"volume-title":"The Ofcom Broadcasting Code (with the Cross-promotion Code and the On Demand Programme Service Rules)","year":"2017","author":"Ofcom","key":"2023061611122305700_ref32"},{"volume-title":"What is the Watershed?","year":"2013","author":"Ofcom","key":"2023061611122305700_ref33"},{"volume-title":"Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England","year":"2018","author":"NHS Digital","key":"2023061611122305700_ref34"},{"volume-title":"The BCAP Code: The UK Code of Broadcast Advertising","year":"2017","author":"Advertising Standards Agency","key":"2023061611122305700_ref35"},{"volume-title":"HFSS Advertising Restrictions \u2013 Final Review","year":"2010","author":"OFCOM","key":"2023061611122305700_ref36"},{"volume-title":"Childhood obesity: a plan for action, chapter 2","year":"2018","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","key":"2023061611122305700_ref37"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050650","article-title":"Tobacco Imagery on prime time UK television","volume":"23","author":"Lyons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Tobacco Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt074","article-title":"Alcohol Imagery on popularly viewed television in the UK","volume":"36","author":"Lyons","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611122305700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054427","article-title":"Content analysis of tobacco content in UK television","volume":"28","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy142","article-title":"A content analysis of alcohol content in UK television","volume":"41","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611122305700_ref42","article-title":"Content analysis of Netflix and Amazon Prime Instant Video original films in the UK for alcohol, tobacco, and junk food imagery","author":"Alfayad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061611122305700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2017-054125","article-title":"Population exposure to smoking and tobacco branding in the UK reality show \u2018Love Island\u2019","volume":"27","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agx116","article-title":"Alcohol content in the \u2018hyper-reality\u2019 MTV show \u2018Geordie Shore\u2019","volume":"53","author":"Lowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611122305700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz043","article-title":"A Content Analysis of Tobacco and Alcohol Audio-Visual Content in a sample of UK Reality TV Programmes","volume":"42","author":"Barker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611122305700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/01463370802026828","article-title":"Simply Irresistible: Reality TV Consumption Patterns","volume":"56","author":"Lundy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Communication Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023061611122305700_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0604_3","article-title":"Why people watch reality TV","volume":"6","author":"Reiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Media Psychol"},{"volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","year":"1977","author":"Bandura","key":"2023061611122305700_ref48"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6068-3","article-title":"Alcohol Audio-Visual Content in Formula 1 television broadcasting","volume":"18","author":"Barker","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"volume-title":"Nutrient Profiling Tool","year":"2017","author":"Department of Health","key":"2023061611122305700_ref50"},{"issue":"e2","key":"2023061611122305700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055025","article-title":"Exposure to \u2018Smokescreen\u2019 marketing during the 2018 Formula 1 Championship","volume":"28","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611122305700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5449-y","article-title":"Carlsberg alibi marketing in the UEFA euro 2016 football finals: implications of Probably inappropriate alcohol advertising","volume":"18","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611122305700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agab039","article-title":"A content analysis and population exposure estimate of Guinness branded alcohol marketing during the 2019 Guinness Six Nations","volume":"56","author":"Barker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"volume-title":"Digital.I: A fresh perspective on TV viewing figures","year":"2018","author":"Digital I","key":"2023061611122305700_ref54"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611122305700_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206402","article-title":"Adult and adolescent exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in contemporary YouTube music videos in Great Britain: a population estimate","volume":"70","author":"Cranwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611122305700_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1167","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2897","article-title":"Exposure to movie smoking among US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years: a population estimate","volume":"119","author":"Sargent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611122305700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025807","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025807","article-title":"Quantifying tobacco and alcohol imagery in Netflix and Amazon Prime instant video original programming accessed from the UK: a content analysis","volume":"9","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"volume-title":"The European Audiovisual Media Service Directive: Protection of Minors","year":"2018","author":"European Commision","key":"2023061611122305700_ref58"},{"volume-title":"Product Placement on TV","year":"2011","author":"Ofcom","key":"2023061611122305700_ref59"},{"volume-title":"Media Nations: UK 2021","year":"2021","author":"Ofcom","key":"2023061611122305700_ref60"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/2\/287\/50600418\/fdac046.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/2\/287\/50600418\/fdac046.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T11:15:48Z","timestamp":1686914148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/45\/2\/287\/6580637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1741-3842"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-3850"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]}}}