{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:09:40Z","timestamp":1790636980590,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021014","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resource Development Program"},{"name":"Science Education Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite the enactment of the mental health law, mental illness in the Philippines is the third most prevalent form of morbidity; hence, screening is warranted, especially among Filipino emerging adults. This exploratory spatial analysis study aimed to identify spatial clusters of depression, anxiety, and stress among Filipino emerging adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A convenience sampling online self-administered survey was used to collect data from 18 to 29 Filipinos (n\u00a0=\u00a02729) in the Philippines. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales\u201321 was utilized to ascertain the participant\u2019s level of depression, anxiety, and stress. Coordinates were plotted with administrative boundaries and OpenStreetMap layer using the software ArcGIS, and clusters were evaluated using the Mapping Clusters\u2014Hot Spot Analysis and Spatial Autocorrelation (Moran\u2019s I).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Results of mapping clusters regarding age group and sex showed that Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, and the National Capital Region in Luzon Island are considered hotspots for severe and extreme levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. These conditions were most prevalent among early emerging adults and females.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our study provided spatial locations of populations susceptible to mental health disorders, and these preliminary findings have implications for health policy and program expansion for mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T23:00:26Z","timestamp":1741129226000},"page":"149-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among emerging adults in the Philippines: an exploratory spatial analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3383-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zypher Jude G","family":"Regencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Manila , Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"Department of Sociology and Behavioral Sciences, College of Liberal Arts, De La Salle University , 2401 Taft Ave, Malate, Manila 1004 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vergel T","family":"Marteja Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines-Manila , Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-8880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel S","family":"Baja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines-Manila , Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines-Manila , Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila 1000 ,","place":["Philippines"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199757176.003.0002","volume-title":"Debating Emerging Adulthood: Stage or Process","author":"Tanner","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968211025348","article-title":"Increased stress, declining mental health: emerging adults\u2019 experiences in college during COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Halliburton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","article-title":"Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties","volume":"55","author":"Arnett","year":"2000","journal-title":"American psychologist"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031845","article-title":"Romantic relationship patterns in young adulthood and their developmental antecedents","volume":"49","author":"Rauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00080-7","article-title":"The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18\u201329 years: implications for mental health","volume":"1","author":"Arnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696815593183","article-title":"Identity centrality and psychosocial functioning: a person-centered approach","volume":"3","author":"Meca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11381-005","volume-title":"Ethnic Identity Exploration in Emerging Adulthood","author":"Phinney","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696815579820","article-title":"Individual difference predictors of the experience of emerging adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Skulborstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref9","volume-title":"The Clark University Poll of Emerging Adults: Thriving, Struggling, and Hopeful","author":"Arnett","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090847","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States","volume":"29","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.034","article-title":"The prevalence and correlates of nonaffective psychosis in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)","volume":"58","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1542\/9781581108736-approaching_young_adult","article-title":"Approaching young adult health and medicine from a developmental perspective","volume":"24","author":"Tanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adolesc Med State Art Rev"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e068561","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068561","article-title":"Effect of body image perception and skin-lightening practices on mental health of Filipino emerging adults: a mixed-methods approach protocol","volume":"13","author":"Regencia","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0267555","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267555","article-title":"Assessing the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, shift to online learning, and social media use on the mental health of college students in the Philippines: a mixed-method study protocol","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968221128621","article-title":"Emerging adulthood uses and gratifications of social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed methods study among Filipino college students","volume":"10","author":"Cleofas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.12973\/ijem.9.1.29","article-title":"Assessment of gaming addiction and perceived psychological distress among Filipino young adults during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"9","author":"Kapoor","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Methodology"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref18","volume-title":"Identity Processes in Filipino Emerging Adults: Parental Influences and Mental Health Outcomes","author":"Pesigan","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7448","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02099-3","article-title":"An investigation into the relationship between climate change anxiety and mental health among gen Z Filipinos","volume":"42","author":"Reyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current psychology"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2018.33","article-title":"Mental health legislation in the Philippines: Philippine mental health act","volume":"16","author":"Lally","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych international"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01937-2","article-title":"Filipino help-seeking for mental health problems and associated barriers and facilitators: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080779","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and symptoms of stress among baccalaureate nursing students in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010163","article-title":"Relationship of anxiety and depression with respiratory symptoms: comparison between depressed and non-depressed smokers in Singapore","volume":"16","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071410","article-title":"Misophonia in Singaporean psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Quek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.043","article-title":"Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines","volume":"277","author":"Tee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4314\/afrrev.v12i2.13","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 21-item depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21)","volume":"12","author":"Coker","year":"2018","journal-title":"African Research Review"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802634956","article-title":"An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments","volume":"23","author":"Steiniger","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003","article-title":"The 2012 free and open source GIS software map\u2013a guide to facilitate research, development, and adoption","volume":"39","author":"Steiniger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers, environment and urban systems"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03647-7_2","volume-title":"Spatial Statistics in ArcGIS. Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis","author":"Scott","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref30","volume-title":"Spatial Statistical Data Analysis for GIS Users","author":"Krivoruchko","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","article-title":"Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application","volume":"27","author":"Ord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geographical analysis"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.12.001","article-title":"Advances in spatial epidemiology and geographic information systems","volume":"27","author":"Kirby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001869","article-title":"Application of GIS technology in public health: successes and challenges","volume":"143","author":"Fletcher-Lartey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2014.22.402-405","article-title":"Health based geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications","volume":"22","author":"Fradelos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Informatica Medica"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.11.003","article-title":"The need for the \u201cnew health geography\u201d in epidemiologic studies of environment and health","volume":"13","author":"Cutchin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2021.2023298","article-title":"Prevalence of severe anxiety in the Philippines amid the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"27","author":"Mendoza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/852317","article-title":"The effect of economic, physical, and psychological abuse on mental health: a population-based study of women in the Philippines","volume":"2014","author":"Antai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Family Med"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2020.100073","article-title":"Depressive symptoms among young adults in the Philippines: results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"Puyat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref39","first-page":"372","article-title":"PM is the key: perceived stress and mental health as the key indicator of wellbeing of selected college online students in the Philippines during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Canilllo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/10973430208408441","article-title":"Mental illness stereotypes and clinical care: do people avoid treatment because of stigma?","volume":"6","author":"Corrigan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil Skills"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-020-00662-z","article-title":"Community mental health care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic: practical strategies for improving care for people with serious mental illness","volume":"57","author":"Kopelovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20869","article-title":"Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people","volume":"20","author":"Fusar-Poli","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30495-4","article-title":"Characteristics of successful programmes targeting gender inequality and restrictive gender norms for the health and wellbeing of children, adolescents, and young adults: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025053004264697700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-020-00134-x","article-title":"Social media and mental health: benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice","volume":"5","author":"Naslund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of technology in behavioral science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/149\/62210491\/fdaf024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/149\/62210491\/fdaf024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T08:27:00Z","timestamp":1748593620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/47\/2\/149\/8046705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}}}