{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:41:34Z","timestamp":1788579694979,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Lung Association Public Policy Award","award":["PP-625245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP-625245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The 2009 US Tobacco Control Act resulted in locally led policies to curb tobacco use. However, racial\/ethnic and educational disparities in prenatal smoking persist and little is known about the effects of local laws.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using 2005\u20132018 National Center for Health Statistics county-level natality data on 39\u00a0089\u00a0766 singletons linked to state-level cigarette taxes and county-level tobacco 21 (T21) and smoke-free legislation, we conducted conditional mixed-process models to examine the effects of tobacco control policies on prenatal smoking, then on associated changes in birth outcomes. We included interactions between T21 laws and age, and between cigarette taxes, race\/ethnicity, and education.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-Hispanic White women with a high school degree or less had the highest levels of prenatal smoking (23.0%\u201335.4%) and were the most responsive to cigarette taxes. Among non-Hispanic White women with 0\u201311 and 12\u00a0years of education, a $1.00 tax increase reduced prenatal smoking by 5.06 (95% CI: 6.99\u20133.12) and 2.04 (3.19\u20130.89) percentage points and increased birth weight by 7.74 (4.64\u201310.83) and 3.12 (1.32\u20134.92)\u00a0g, respectively. County-level coverage of T21 laws and smoke-free legislation were associated with small reductions in prenatal smoking only.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>State-level cigarette taxes reduced educational disparities in prenatal smoking and improved birth outcomes among non-Hispanic White women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T11:55:24Z","timestamp":1748865324000},"page":"454-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of local- and state-level tobacco control policies on prenatal smoking and birth outcomes in the United States, 2005\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1099-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Summer S","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Boston College , 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Boston College , 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher F","family":"Baum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Boston College , 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Economics, Boston College , 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref1","author":"Office of Disease Prevention and 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Econ"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac220","article-title":"Effects of purchase restrictions on smoking during pregnancy: An analysis of U.S. birth records","volume":"25","author":"Tennekoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref6","volume-title":"Natality \u2013 All County Files 2005\u20132018, as Compiled from Data Provided by the 57 Vital Statistics Jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190076","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0076","article-title":"A 2017 US reference for singleton birth weight percentiles using obstetric estimates of gestation","volume":"144","author":"Aris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Births: Final data for 2018","volume":"68","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref9","volume-title":"US Communities with tobacco21 Ordinances as of June 30, 2018","author":"Preventing Tobacco Addiction Foundation"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref10","author":"American Nonsmokers\u2019 Rights Foundation"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref11","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1101100","article-title":"Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process models with cmp","volume":"11","author":"Roodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100236","article-title":"A review of the landscape of state tobacco 21 laws: Key components, research challenges, and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Carey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend Rep"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417","article-title":"Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy","volume":"21","author":"Chaloupka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD005992","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005992.pub3","article-title":"Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption","volume":"2","author":"Frazer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae206","article-title":"What is the relationship between raising the minimum legal sales age of tobacco above 20 and cigarette smoking? A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Davies","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"2025082909331977200_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100686","article-title":"Cigarette taxes, prices, and disparities in current smoking in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Kalousova","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/47\/3\/454\/63418197\/fdaf063.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/47\/3\/454\/63418197\/fdaf063.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T13:33:22Z","timestamp":1756474402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/47\/3\/454\/8155218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]}}}