{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:13:51Z","timestamp":1776143631730,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIDA\u2019s Justice Community Overdose Intervention Network","award":["U2C DA050098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2C DA050098"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health RADx-UP","award":["3UG1DA050066-02S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3UG1DA050066-02S1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community Network-Driven COVID-19 Testing and Vaccination of Vulnerable Populations in the Central United States (C3) evaluates the use of Social Network Strategy (SNS) with educational messaging to improve COVID-19 testing and vaccination among people most impacted by the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled individuals with low-income who identify as Hispanic\/Latino or a history of criminal legal involvement (CLI) through social network referral and randomized participants 1:1 to SNS vs. SNS plus messaging (SNS+), which included a self-affirmation activity and educational video. We assessed for COVID-19 testing and, among baseline unvaccinated participants, vaccination at 21\u00a0days, and used mixed effects logistic regression to examine outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1328 participants (SNS+: 667, SNS: 661), 46.6% identified as Black\/African American, 33.4% as Hispanic\/Latino, and 43.8% reported history of CLI. Majority (66.3%) reported testing and, of unvaccinated participants, 11.9% reported vaccination at follow-up. There were no differences in testing (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.71, 1.11, P\u00a0=\u00a0.49) or vaccination (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 0.78, 2.76, P\u00a0=\u00a0.30) among participants who received SNS+ compared to SNS after adjusting for recruitment wave and clustering within sites and referral chains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social network referral successfully engaged communities disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 in testing and vaccination. Compared to SNS alone, adding educational messaging did not increase testing or vaccination. Additional work is needed to implement SNS to increase vaccination rates among vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaf134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:50:22Z","timestamp":1762185022000},"page":"122-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A community network-driven COVID-19 testing and vaccination intervention for vulnerable populations in the Central United States: results from a Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Underserved Populations randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En-Ling","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of the Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 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