{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:13:37Z","timestamp":1788272017287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Research Training Fellowship","award":["MR\/T00794X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T00794X\/1"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Research Professorship","award":["NIHR302438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR302438"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) School for Public Health Research","award":["NIHR 204000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR 204000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preterm birth (PTB) is the UK\u2019s leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. There is international evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in PTB. Between 2012 and 2017, the proportion of live births occurring prematurely increased in England. This study explores how changes to major social determinants of health (SDH) may have contributed to recent trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed PTB trends and their correlation with contemporaneous trends in major SDH predictors (socioeconomic status, income, and unemployment) for English Local Authorities. We used both fixed-effects and mixed-effects modelling to estimate the association between SDH and PTB rates between 2012 and 2017.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gap in PTB inequalities widened over the study period, with the absolute difference in PTB rates between most and least disadvantaged communities rising by 35%. Mixed-effects analysis demonstrated an association between the proportion of children living in low-income households and PTB; for each percentage point increase in child poverty, an estimated additional 0.24 per 1000 births was preterm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide evidence of rising PTB rates in England prior to the pandemic, which disproportionately affected the poorest areas of the country. Policies targeting areas with higher child poverty rates are likely to reduce inequalities in PTB in England.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdag045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:43:58Z","timestamp":1781635438000},"page":"780-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the impact of social determinants of health on rising preterm birth trends in England. A longitudinal ecological study, 2012\u201317"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Wilcock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davara","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Taylor-Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Policy and Systems, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool , Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GF ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref1","volume-title":"Preterm Labour and Birth","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref2","volume-title":"Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences and Prevention","author":"Institute of Medicine (US)","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e312","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1827","article-title":"The cost of preterm birth throughout childhood in England and Wales","volume":"123","author":"Mangham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref4","volume-title":"Provisional Births in England and Wales","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref5","volume-title":"Birth Characteristics in England and Wales: 2022","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref6","volume-title":"Women's Health Strategy for England","author":"Department of Health & Social Care","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref7","volume-title":"Woman of the North. Health Equity North: Northern Health Science Alliance","author":"Bambra","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref8","volume-title":"Starmer Pledges the Healthiest Generation of Children Ever as Labour Launches Child Health Action Plan","author":"The Labour Party","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref9","volume-title":"Commercial Determinants of Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref10","volume-title":"Healthy Places: Councils Leading on Public Health","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-117","article-title":"Effects of socioeconomic position and clinical risk factors on spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth","volume":"14","author":"Joseph","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2000.00266.x","article-title":"Socio-economic disparities in pregnancy outcome: why do the poor fare so poorly?","volume":"14","author":"Kramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13438-9","article-title":"Mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm birth: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"McHale","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref14","volume-title":"Public Health Profiles","author":"Office for Health Improvement & Disparities","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref15","volume-title":"Premature Births (Less than 37 Weeks Gestation): Indicator Definitions and Supporting Information","author":"Office for Health Improvement & Disparities","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref16","volume-title":"The English Indices of Deprivation 2019 (IoD2019)","author":"Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref17","volume-title":"Collection: Personal Tax Credits Statistics","author":"HM Revenue and Customs","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref18","volume-title":"House Price to Residence-Based Earnings Ratio","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2017.44","article-title":"Improving the interpretation of fixed effects regression results","volume":"6","author":"Mummolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polit Sci Res Methods"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref20","volume-title":"Births in England and Wales: Summary Tables","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref21","volume-title":"Birth Characteristics","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref22","volume-title":"Births by Mothers' Usual Area of Residence in the UK","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref23","volume-title":"Poverty in the UK: Statistics. Briefing Paper Number 7096","author":"Francis-Devine","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article m693","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m693","article-title":"Health equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on","volume":"368","author":"Marmot","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref25","volume-title":"The State of the World\u2019s Children 2025: Findings on the UK","author":"UNICEF","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref26","volume-title":"Births in England and Wales","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Blumenshine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1920\/re.ifs.2023.0239","volume-title":"Benefits and Tax Credits","author":"Hoynes","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.11.036","article-title":"The contribution of maternal working conditions to socio-economic inequalities in birth outcome","volume":"66","author":"Gisselmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref30","volume-title":"Housing Purchase Affordability, UK: 2023","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2024-222677","article-title":"Association of housing tenure and unaffordable housing with preterm birth and other adverse birth outcomes in Canada: a population-based study","volume":"79","author":"Mehrabadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029424","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029424","article-title":"Assessing the impact of rising child poverty on the unprecedented rise in infant mortality in England, 2000-2017: time trend analysis","volume":"9","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.63492\/eki5634","volume-title":"The Living Standards Outlook 2024","author":"Clegg","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090109165608600_ref34","volume-title":"One a Low Income, but Not Claiming Means-Tested Benefits","author":"Schmuecker","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/48\/3\/780\/68536173\/fdag045.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/48\/3\/780\/68536173\/fdag045.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:17:08Z","timestamp":1788268628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/48\/3\/780\/8709144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdag045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}