{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:35:59Z","timestamp":1760646959872,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The adverse effects of smoking on neonatal outcomes, such as small-for-gestational-age (SGA), has been extensively studied however, the consequences of smoking combined with alcohol and\/or drug use is less clear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective observational study analyzed clinical and sociodemographic details of 40156 women who delivered a singleton baby between the years 2011 and 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with women who had never smoked, smokers who did not engage in alcohol or drug use had an odds ratio (OR) of delivering a baby who was SGA of 3.2 (95% CI: 3.1\u20133.5). Smokers who used illicit drugs in isolation or in combination with alcohol during pregnancy had higher ORs for SGA (1.4, 95% CI: 1.1\u20131.7, P = 0.006 and 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2\u20132.7, P = 0.007) compared to women who smoked but did not engage in alcohol or drug use in pregnancy. These women also delivered babies with lower mean birthweights (125 g, P &amp;lt; 0.001 and 181.4 g, P = 0.003) and head circumferences (0.4 cm, P &amp;lt; 0.001 and 0.3 cm, P = 0.048). Women who smoked and used alcohol, but not illicit drugs were not associated adverse outcomes above that of smoking in isolation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Illicit drug use combined with maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes above that of smoking in isolation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T23:41:23Z","timestamp":1548200483000},"page":"277-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The interaction between maternal smoking, illicit drug use and alcohol consumption associated with neonatal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5262-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciara M E","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Ireland"},{"name":"UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Egan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Daly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aoife","family":"McKeating","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon R","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Centre for Human Reproduction, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020052704195728000_fdz010C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.S1.1176","article-title":"Trends and variations in smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight: evidence from the birth certificate, 1990\u20132000","volume":"111","author":"Ventura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2020052704195728000_fdz010C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.12.057","article-title":"Smoking in pregnancy revisited: findings from a large population-based study","volume":"192","author":"Hammoud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2020052704195728000_fdz010C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2007.08.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of prenatal smoking and perinatal outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Salihu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2020052704195728000_fdz010C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00077-3","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and infant head circumference at birth","volume":"58","author":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"2020052704195728000_fdz010C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395479","article-title":"Canadian Neonatal Network. 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