{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T04:13:59Z","timestamp":1782879239217,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pakistan Islamic Medical Association"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lack of hygiene and sanitation causes significant disease, disability and death. Majority of diarrheal diseases are related to hygiene and drinking water. Hand washing with soap after toilet use and before eating reduces these risks significantly.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This report is based on a behavior change project in the rural community setting (union council Nahqi), Peshawar, Pakistan aimed to improve hygiene- and sanitation-related behavior. A pre-intervention survey was conducted at household level (n\u00a0=\u00a0958), followed by a structured behavior change communication program with motivational and educational material and key health messages for three months. Lastly, an end-line survey was conducted measuring change in practice domains.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All the domains of hygiene and sanitation showed statistically significant improvement (11\u201359% P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.001), including handwashing before meals (28.2%), before cooking (54.1%), before child feeding (21.2%), after defecation (30.6%); tooth brushing twice daily (7.3%); nail clipping at least weekly (16.3%); bathing daily (11.3%); change of clothing twice weekly (24.7%); covering the water containers (59.3%) and house orderliness (30.6%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The findings conclude that a behavior change communication program that is in accord with community needs, level of their understanding, beliefs and sociocultural norms is well received for positive behavior change.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T19:27:53Z","timestamp":1568921273000},"page":"381-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hand washing behavior change effect of community-based hygiene and sanitation intervention in low resource setting"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair","family":"Qazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prime Institute of Public Health, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prime Institute of Public Health, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9832","key":"2021060807483398500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","article-title":"Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000","volume":"379","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021060807483398500_ref2","volume-title":"Safer Water, Better Health","author":"WHO","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021060807483398500_ref3","volume-title":"Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water 2010 Update","author":"WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021060807483398500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp002","article-title":"Planned, motivated and habitual hygiene behaviour: an eleven country review","volume":"24","author":"Curtis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021060807483398500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)01253-8","article-title":"Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021060807483398500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00606-6","article-title":"Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"2021060807483398500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2547","article-title":"Effect of intensive handwashing promotion on childhood diarrhea in high-risk communities in Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"291","author":"Luby","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021060807483398500_ref8","volume-title":"Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012\u201313","author":"National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS) [Pakistan] and ICF International","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/43\/2\/381\/38502858\/fdz130.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/43\/2\/381\/38502858\/fdz130.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T07:58:58Z","timestamp":1623139138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/43\/2\/381\/5625996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz130","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]]}}}