{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:36:52Z","timestamp":1789839412723,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]],"date-time":"2019-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#SMN-139150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SMN-139150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#SAF-94814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#SAF-94814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hugh Green Foundation Chair in Addiction Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006346","name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006346","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>North America has been experiencing an acute and unprecedented public health crisis involving excessive and increasing levels of opioid-related overdose mortality. In the present commentary, we examine current interventions (as existent mainly in Canada) to date and compare them against established intervention frameworks and practices in other areas of public health, specifically injury and infectious disease control. We observe that current interventions focusing on opioid drug safety or exposure\u2014specifically those that focus on distinctly potent and toxic opioid products driving major increases in overdose mortality\u2014may be considered the equivalent of \u2018agent-\u2019 or \u2018vector\u2019-based interventions. Such interventions have been largely neglected in favor of \u2018host\u2019 (e.g., drug user-oriented) or \u2018environmental\u2019 measures among strategies to reduce opioid-related overdose, likely contributing to the limited efficacy of current measures. We explore potential reasons, implications and remedies for these gaps in the overall public health strategy employed towards improved interventions to reduce opioid-related health harms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T13:22:59Z","timestamp":1572960179000},"page":"848-852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Applying principles of injury and infectious disease control to the opioid mortality epidemic in North America: critical intervention gaps"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9206-8357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction (CARMHA), Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tyndall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 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