{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:48:04Z","timestamp":1790880484304,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by hyperimmune response. The mortality is high despite progress being made in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This review aimed to update knowledge on adult HLH pathophysiology, identify the numerous causes and help clinicians make early diagnosis and initiate treatment. Using Embase, we searched relevant articles published from 1 January 2010 to 31 October 2019, with the MESH term \u2018haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; macrophagic activation syndrome, adult\u2019. The mean age at presentation is about 50\u2009years, with a male predominance. The most frequent disease associations are haematological diseases, viral or bacterial infections and autoimmune diseases. The pathophysiologic mechanism is probably the combination of inherited genetic mutations and extrinsic triggers. The mortality rate is 26.5\u201374.8%.\u00a0HScore is more efficient than HLH-2004 criteria to identify HLH, with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity 90% and 79%, respectively. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\u2013computed tomography is potentially useful for detecting underlying disease and the extent of secondary HLH. Disease-specific treatment should be given as soon as possible. Treatment with corticosteroids combined or not with etoposide is the mainstay of treatment. Monoclonal antibodies and JAK pathway inhibitors show promise of being effective. In adult HLH, infectious diseases, autoimmune disease and malignancy should be suspected so that disease-specific treatment can be given promptly. Treatment with corticosteroids combined or not with etoposide is the mainstay of treatment, but new therapies show promise of being effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T04:27:33Z","timestamp":1578630453000},"page":"205-213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Adult haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3103-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Van Den Neste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"P. Defour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Immunohematology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Danse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 de Louvain, 10 Av Hippocrate, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.C","family":"Yombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022042015330148500_hcaa011-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1.1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043625","article-title":"Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"13","author":"Al-Samkari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech 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