{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:29:36Z","timestamp":1791930576503,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011913","name":"Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KSVGH-114-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSVGH-114-102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan Joint Research Program","award":["VGHUST113-G3-1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST113-G3-1-1"]}]},{"name":"Veterans General Hospitals and University System of Taiwan Joint Research Program","award":["VGHUST113-G3-1-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VGHUST113-G3-1-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Long COVID presents persistent neurological symptoms, including brain fog, with limited therapeutic options. Intravenous laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) has been proposed as a potential intervention. This pilot study explores the efficacy of ILIB in alleviating brain fog symptoms and examines the underlying molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of ILIB in improving cognitive function in long COVID patients with brain fog and to investigate the molecular pathways involved.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A prospective, single-center pilot study involving six long COVID patients with brain fog who underwent ILIB therapy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients received 30 ILIB sessions over eight weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) at baseline, post-treatment and one-month follow-up. RNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analyses (KEGG, Gene Ontology) identified differentially expressed genes and molecular pathways influenced by ILIB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>MoCA and AIS scores significantly improved post-ILIB, suggesting enhanced cognitive function and sleep quality. RNA sequencing revealed 141 upregulated and 130 downregulated genes. Upregulated pathways were associated with mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, while immune response and inflammatory pathways were downregulated. Notably, the glutathione metabolism pathway was significantly altered, suggesting reduced oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ILIB shows potential in alleviating brain fog symptoms in long COVID patients, possibly through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and inflammation. However, larger randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings and establish ILIB as a viable therapeutic option.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaf050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T13:52:06Z","timestamp":1739800326000},"page":"481-488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of intravenous laser irradiation of blood on cognitive function and molecular pathways in long COVID patients: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Chiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center , Taipei,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-He","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, 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