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H. pylori infection was associated with a significantly increased GC risk compared with a control group excluding gastritis cases (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.99, P\u2009=\u20090.03). Nevertheless, the random-effects model revealed that the pooled odds of co-infection were significantly elevated (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.65\u20134.01, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both H. pylori and EBV infections increase the risk of developing GC. The co-infection of H. pylori and EBV was linked to a 2.57-fold higher risk of GC, indicating the significance of incorporating both infections into diagnostic and treatment approaches for GC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaf092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T07:35:30Z","timestamp":1744616130000},"page":"584-591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    and Epstein\u2013Barr virus co-infection and gastric cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-791X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngoc-Niem","family":"Bui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University 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Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang Nga","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Fang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan,","place":["Taiwan"]},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department 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