{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T22:36:24Z","timestamp":1793572584393,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Trials"},{"name":"Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["2022-LCYJ-MS-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-LCYJ-MS-07"]}]},{"name":"Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University","award":["2021-LCYJ-PY-43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-LCYJ-PY-43"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019349","name":"Nanjing Medical Science and Technique Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JQX21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQX21002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20211004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Fund","award":["82300719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82300719"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation"},{"name":"Nanjing Department of Health","award":["YKK21067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKK21067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate assessment of liver fibrosis is crucial for patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed and validated a non-invasive explainable machine learning (ML) model for the prediction of liver fibrosis in patients with AIH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective multicenter study of patients with AIH with liver biopsy was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set. Nine ML models were built, including logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, Support vector machine, random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), gradient boosting, Adaboost, decision tree, and Gaussian naive bayes. The best model was compared with aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on four factors (FIB-4) on the test set by area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) were used for model explanation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 261 patients with AIH with a median age of 54.0 (interquartile range: 47.0\u201362.0) years and 82.8% of female sex were included. Among nine ML models, the XGBoost model exhibited superior predictive performance. The model achieved an AUC of 0.791 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.668\u20130.890) in the test set which was higher than APRI (AUC: 0.557, 95% CI: 0.380\u20130.732, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and FIB-4 (AUC: 0.625, 95% CI: 0.452\u20130.789, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). SHAP and LIME analysis revealed that platelet was the most important predictive variable of significant liver fibrosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The non-invasive interpretable XGBoost model surpasses APRI and FIB-4 for predicting significant liver fibrosis, contributing to better management of patients with AIH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaf215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T12:17:15Z","timestamp":1758111435000},"page":"34-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Extreme gradient boosting-based explainable machine learning model for predicting significant fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renling","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Wuxi , Wuxi, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing , Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Department of 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Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University , Palo Alto, CA,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanwang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth People\u2019s Hospital of Wuxi , Wuxi, Jiangsu,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanwu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Infectious Diseases Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou, 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