{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:10:44Z","timestamp":1787613044503,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","award":["BX20230435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX20230435"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes non-scarring hair loss and often leads to significant psychosocial distress. Although Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors such as tofacitinib are effective, relapse after stopping treatment remains a major challenge. New evidence indicates that low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) may help maintain remission by increasing regulatory T cells, which can restore immune tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sequential immunotherapy combining tofacitinib and low-dose IL-2 in inducing sustained remission for AA patients after treatment withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A monocentric, retrospective case series was conducted at Xiangya Hospital, China, from September 2022 to May 2025. The IL-2 regimen comprised subcutaneous injections (0.5\u20131 million IU\/day for 5 consecutive days per cycle), repeated every 3\u2009weeks for two to three cycles. Tofacitinib was tapered and discontinued post-IL-2 therapy. Clinical outcomes, including relapse-free survival and safety, were monitored longitudinally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four refractory AA patients (median follow-up: 32.5\u2009months) with complete hair regrowth (SALT\u2009=\u20090) after \u22656\u2009months of tofacitinib received adjunctive IL-2. Three patients maintained complete remission for 11\u201320\u2009months after treatment cessation, while one experienced localized recurrence at 5\u2009months but achieved control with low-dose tofacitinib maintenance. No adverse events were reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sequential tofacitinib and low-dose IL-2 therapy may reestablish immune tolerance, offering a potential strategy for drug-free remission. Larger trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimize protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaf221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T12:08:31Z","timestamp":1758715711000},"page":"128-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sequential immunotherapy with tofacitinib and low-dose IL-2 induces sustained remission in alopecia areata: a proof-of-concept monocentric study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Jundong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hu Nan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology , Changsha,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hu Nan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology , 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