{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:10:25Z","timestamp":1784261425406,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Purpose: To evaluate the spectrum of acute infectious encephalitis\/encephalopathy syndrome (AIES) in intensive care unit (ICU) and the predictors of mechanical ventilation (MV) and outcome of these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: AIES patients diagnosed on the basis of fever, altered sensorium, seizure and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis admitted to the neurology ICU were prospectively included. The demographic and clinical details, hematological, biochemical, MRI and etiological findings of the patients were noted. Need of MV, death in hospital and 3-month functional outcome were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: One hundred sixty-four out of 258 (64%) AIES patients needed ICU admission. Their median age was 35 (2\u201385) years and 71 (43%) were females. The etiology was viral in 44 (herpes and Japanese encephalitis in 12 each, dengue in 17, mumps, measles and varicella in 1 patient each), non-viral in 64 (scrub typhus in 48, falciparum malaria in 6, leptospira in 3 and bacterial in 7) and undetermined etiology in 56 (34%) patients. Sixty-nine (42%) patients needed MV. On multivariate analysis, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and raised intracranial pressure were independent predictors of MV. Forty-three (26%) patients died, and all were in the MV group. Higher SOFA score and untreatable etiology were independent predictors of mortality. At 3-month follow-up, 14% had poor and 86% had good outcome. Low GCS score, focal weakness and status epilepticus independently predicted poor outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Twenty-six percent patients with AIES died in ICU, and 86% had good recovery at 3 months. Admission SOFA scores and untreatable etiology predicted mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]],"date-time":"2016-08-10T22:08:51Z","timestamp":1470866931000},"page":"141-148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Spectrum and outcome of acute infectious encephalitis\/encephalopathy in an intensive care unit from India"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Kalita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.E.","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.K.","family":"Bhoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.K.","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B3","author":"World Health Organization and the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B4","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Neurological Disorders","author":"Misra","year":"2011"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B5","first-page":"57A","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infections of the central nervous system: encephalitis and meningitis, including Mollaret\u2019s","volume":"11 (Suppl 2)","author":"Tyler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf116","article-title":"Seizures and raised intracranial pressure in Vietnamese patients with Japanese encephalitis","volume":"125","author":"Solomon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2009.06.003","article-title":"Seizures in encephalitis: predictors and outcome","volume":"18","author":"Misra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.03.004","article-title":"Raised intracranial pressure in acute viral encephalitis","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a2cc6d","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in acute encephalitis","volume":"81","author":"Thakur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B10","first-page":"357","article-title":"Acute pure motor quadriplegia: is it dengue myositis?","volume":"45","author":"Kalita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00353-4","article-title":"A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis","volume":"131","author":"Misra","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07509-0","article-title":"Poliomyelitis-like illness due to Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00250.x","article-title":"Anterior horn cells are also involved in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"96","author":"Misra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20959","article-title":"West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease","volume":"60","author":"Davis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru008","article-title":"Spectrum and outcome predictors of central nervous system infections in a neurological critical care unit in India: a retrospective review","volume":"108","author":"Misra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12541","article-title":"Clinical spectrum and outcomes of patients with encephalitis requiring intensive care","volume":"22","author":"Sonneville","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001190","article-title":"The spectrum of acute encephalitis: Causes, management, and predictors of outcome","volume":"84","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B18","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.14.1754","article-title":"Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients","volume":"286","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2016.79.1.31","article-title":"Risk factors for mechanical ventilation in patients with scrub typhus admitted to intensive care unit at a university hospital","volume":"79","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.117063","article-title":"Elevated procalcitonin is associated with increased mortality in patients with scrub typhus infection needing intensive care admission","volume":"17","author":"Peter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.138145","article-title":"Profile of organ dysfunction and predictors of mortality in severe scrub typhus infection requiring intensive care admission","volume":"18","author":"Griffith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B23","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Tsai","year":"2005","edition":"6th edn."},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8100-3_15","volume-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases and Conditions of the Nervous System","author":"Misra","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02036-5","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of dengue infection","volume":"355","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-108","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings associated with severe scrub typhus","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B27","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett\u2019s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Raoult","year":"2005","edition":"6th edn."},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308722","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus","volume":"86","author":"Misra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1086\/341405","article-title":"Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study","volume":"35","author":"Raschilas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0203-8","article-title":"Dengue-associated transient muscle dysfunction: clinical, electromyography and histopathological changes","volume":"40","author":"Misra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.12.012","article-title":"A study of muscle involvement in scrub typhus","volume":"348","author":"Kalita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802266523","article-title":"Status epilepticus in encephalitis: a study of clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging, and response to antiepileptic drugs","volume":"14","author":"Kalita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.4.297","article-title":"The limbic system and the localisation of herpes simplex encephalitis","volume":"48","author":"Damasio","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.04.018","article-title":"Cranial imaging findings in dengue virus infection","volume":"342","author":"Bhoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00318-4","article-title":"Comparison of CT scan and MRI findings in the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"174","author":"Kalita","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.08.007","article-title":"Usefulness of various MRI sequences in the diagnosis of viral encephalitis","volume":"116","author":"Misra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1659-y","article-title":"Predictors of outcome of myasthenic crisis","volume":"35","author":"Kalita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcv190","article-title":"Outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome patients with respiratory paralysis","volume":"109","author":"Kalita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qjm"},{"key":"2026071307085728200_hcw132-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404380","article-title":"Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock","volume":"371","author":"Peake","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["QJM: An International Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article-pdf\/110\/3\/141\/11016449\/hcw132.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article-pdf\/110\/3\/141\/11016449\/hcw132.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:09:08Z","timestamp":1783940948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article\/110\/3\/141\/2631743"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcw132","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2725","1460-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2725","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,10]]}}}