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Upon stimulation, vagus nerve endings release acetylcholine or neuropeptides via C-fiber afferents to regulate lung infection and immunity. Vagal sensory nerve endings, brain integration center, acetylcholine and \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressing cells are key components of pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex. Meanwhile, this local machinery synergizes with spleen (as a functional hub of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway) to finely tune recruitment of the splenic \u03b17 nAChR+CD11b+ cells into the inflamed lungs during lung infection. Recent studies have showed that lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) express both \u03b17 nAChR and neuropeptide receptors. Acetylcholine and neuropeptides can regulate ILC2 and reshape pulmonary infection and immunity. Among the airway epithelial cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are rare cell population; however, these cells are innervated by sensory nerve endings and they could secrete neuropeptides that influence lung infection and immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]],"date-time":"2018-07-14T13:33:03Z","timestamp":1531575183000},"page":"483-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Neuroimmune regulation of lung infection and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Y","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, 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