{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T04:37:15Z","timestamp":1778474235273,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza viruses infect the upper respiratory system, causing usually a self-limited disease with mild respiratory symptoms. Acute lung injury, pulmonary microvascular leakage and cardiovascular collapse may occur in severe cases, usually in the elderly or in immunocompromised patients. Acute lung injury is a syndrome associated with pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and respiratory failure. Influenza virus primarily binds to the epithelium, interfering with the epithelial sodium channel function. However, the main clinical devastating effects are caused by endothelial dysfunction, thought to be the main mechanism leading to pulmonary oedema, respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. A significant association was found between influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of admission due to AMI during an acute viral infection was six times as high during the 7 days after laboratory confirmation of influenza infection as during the control interval (10-fold in influenza B, 5-fold in influenza A, 3.5-fold in respiratory syncytial virus and 2.7-fold for all other viruses). Our review will focus on the mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction during influenza infection leading to cardiovascular collapse and death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T12:07:21Z","timestamp":1546258041000},"page":"749-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Influenza virus and atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Peretz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel"},{"name":"The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Azrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel"},{"name":"The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3863-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center"},{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine"},{"name":"Vascular and Regenerative Research Laboratory, Bar-Ilan University, Galilee, Safed, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1536","article-title":"Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico","volume":"302","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Cherit","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1496","article-title":"Canadian Critical Care Trials Group H1N1 Collaborative. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) infection in Canada","volume":"302","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L366","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00011.2004","article-title":"Influenza virus inhibits ENaC and lung fluid clearance","volume":"287","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-455OC","article-title":"Influenza A virus inhibits alveolar fluid clearance in BALB\/c mice","volume":"178","author":"Wolk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10282","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160041997","article-title":"Influenza virus inhibits amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in respiratory epithelia","volume":"97","author":"Kunzelmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0b013e3282f269b9","article-title":"The endothelium in acute lung injury\/acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Maniatis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702090","article-title":"Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection","volume":"378","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65068-7","article-title":"Contrasting effects of CCR5 and CCR2 deficiency in the pulmonary inflammatory response to influenza A virus","volume":"156","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.10.6878","article-title":"Contrasting effects of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 deficiency on the host response to influenza A viral infection","volume":"175","author":"Carey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05495","article-title":"Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus","volume":"445","author":"Kobasa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000115.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000115","article-title":"H5N1 and 1918 pandemic influenza virus infection results in early and excessive infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils in the lungs of mice","volume":"4","author":"Perrone","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1086\/656365","article-title":"Mice lacking both TNF and IL-1 receptors exhibit reduced lung inflammation and delay in onset of death following infection with a highly virulent H5N1 virus","volume":"202","author":"Perrone","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15595-5","article-title":"Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease","volume":"353","author":"Peiris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1477","article-title":"Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated eith high viral load and hypercytokinemia","volume":"12","author":"de Jong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1086\/517398","article-title":"Broncho alveolar interferon alfa, tumor necrosis factor alfa, interleukin 1, and inflammation during acute influenza in pigs: a possible model for humans?","volume":"177","author":"Van Reeth","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12576","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01310-10","article-title":"Genomic profiling of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor and interleukin 1 receptor knockout mice reveals a link between TNF alpha signaling and increased severity of 1918 pandemic influenza virus infection","volume":"84","author":"Belisle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)00945-8","article-title":"Central involvement of Rho family GTPases in TNF-alpha mediated bovine pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis","volume":"306","author":"Petrache","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0075OC","article-title":"The role of the microtubules in tumor necrosis factor alpha induced endothelial cell permeability","volume":"28","author":"Petrache","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0672com","article-title":"Caspase dependent cleavage of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is involved om TNF=alpha=mediated bocine pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis","volume":"17","author":"Petrache","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1086\/656044","article-title":"Influenza virus-cytokine-protease cycle in the pathogenesis of vascular hyper permeability in severe influenza","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-102","article-title":"Influenza H5N1 virus infection of polarized human alveolar epithelial cells and lung microvascular endothelial cells and lung microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.08.015","article-title":"Endothelial cells are central orchestrators of cytokine amplification during influenza virus infection","volume":"146","author":"Teijaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17320","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M411674200","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate induced mobilization of intracellular Ca++ mediates rac activation and adherens junction assenbly in endothelial cells","volume":"173","author":"Mehta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12450","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement","volume":"108","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25779","article-title":"Endothelial activation and dysfunction in the pathogenesis of influenza A virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032366","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps directly induce epithelial and endothelial cell death: a predominant role of histones","volume":"7","author":"Saffarzadeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.03.013","article-title":"Excessive neutrophil and neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to acute lung injury of influenza pneumonitis","volume":"179","author":"Narasaraju","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06348-11","article-title":"Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells support productive replication of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses: possible involvement in the pathogenesis of human H5N1 virus infection","volume":"86","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804198","article-title":"Essential impact of NF-kappaB signaling on the H5N1 influenza A virus-induced transcriptome","volume":"183","author":"Schmolke","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2666","article-title":"Selective blockade of endothelial NF-kappaB pathway differentially affects systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunction and injury in septic mice","volume":"220","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq137","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential","volume":"87","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e328328d1b6","article-title":"The impact of the glycocalyx on mocrocirculatory oxygen distribution in critical illness","volume":"22","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470319413.ch2","article-title":"The control of endothelial cell functions by adherens junctions","volume":"283","author":"Lampugnani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(07)70124-X","article-title":"Adherens junctions in endothelial cells regulate vessel maintenance and angiogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Lampugnani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2008.11.032","article-title":"Breaking the VE-cadherin bonds","volume":"583","author":"Gavard","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.017897","article-title":"The role of adherens junctions and VE-cadherin in the control of vascular permeability","volume":"121","author":"Dejana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B38","first-page":"225","article-title":"Vascular permeability to plasma, plasma proteins, and cells: an update","volume":"17","author":"Dvorak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21579","article-title":"VEGF in biological control","volume":"102","author":"Breen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B40","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Vascular permeability factot\/vascular endothelial growth factor, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis","volume":"146","author":"Dvorak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9478","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05008-11","article-title":"Productive Dengue Virus Infection of human Endothelial cells is directed by heparan sulfate containing proteoglycan receptors","volume":"85","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890510007340","article-title":"Glycoconjugate glycans as viral receptors","volume":"37","author":"Olofsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960280311","article-title":"Viral load of the human immunodeficiency virus could be an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Blum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2005","article-title":"Signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability","volume":"86","author":"Mehta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47323.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047323","article-title":"Influenza infects lung microvascular endothelium leading to microvascular leak: role of apoptosis and claudin-5","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq125","article-title":"Pandemic H1N1 influenza infection and vascular thrombosis","volume":"52","author":"Bunce","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B47","first-page":"749","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Intensive care patients with severe novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection \u2013 Michigan, June 2009","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040220024005","article-title":"Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza","volume":"176","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(75)90077-8","article-title":"The recent decrease in CHD mortality","volume":"4","author":"Gordon","year":"1975","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.9.6.549","article-title":"Trends in mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in the United States, 1960 to 1975","volume":"9","author":"Soltero","year":"1978","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1159\/000079948","article-title":"Relationship between supra-annual trends in influenza rates and stroke occurrence","volume":"23","author":"Field","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(84)90016-X","article-title":"Association of acute respiratory symptoms with onset of acute myocardial infarction: prospective investigation of 150 consecutive patients and matched control patients","volume":"53","author":"Spodick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1989.tb00084.x","article-title":"Viral and bacterial infections in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"225","author":"Mattila","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0202.102328","article-title":"Association between influenza vaccination and reduced risk of brain infarction","volume":"33","author":"Lavall\u00e9e","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000170674.45136.80","article-title":"Influenza vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of stroke","volume":"36","author":"Grau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025028","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly","volume":"348","author":"Nichol","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000048190.68071.2B","article-title":"Influenza infection exerts prominent inflammatory and thrombotic effects on the atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E deficient mice","volume":"107","author":"Naghavi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60636-2","article-title":"Effects on tissue type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor","volume":"263","author":"Schleef","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.10.3460","article-title":"Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell procoagulant while suppressing cell-surface anticoagulant activity","volume":"83","author":"Nawroth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(95)00209-X","article-title":"Cell biology of tissue factor, the principal initiator of blood coagulation","volume":"81","author":"Camerer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)37865-7","article-title":"Synthesis and release of platelet activating factor by human vascular endothelial cells treated with tumor necrosis factor or interleukin 1 alpha","volume":"263","author":"Bussolino","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118440","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced exocytosis of endothelial cell Weibel-Palade bodies. A mechanism for rapid neutrophil recruitment after cardiac preservation","volume":"97","author":"Pinsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V28.2.213.213","article-title":"Interaction of influenza virus with blood platelets","volume":"28","author":"Terada","year":"1966","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2860","article-title":"In vivo platelet activation in critically ill patients with primary 2009 influenza A (H1N1)","volume":"141","author":"Rondina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29499","article-title":"Complete reversal of acid-induced acute lung injury by blocking of platelet-neutrophil aggregation","volume":"116","author":"Zarbock","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24166","article-title":"Influenza virus aggravates the Ox-LDL induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells via promoting p53 signaling","volume":"87","author":"Suo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303887","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces long term proinflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Bekkering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.303863","article-title":"Alpha5beta1 integrin signaling mediates oxidized low density lipoprotein induced inflammation and early atherosclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Yurdagul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Biol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.11-00020R1","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein as a biomarker of in vivo oxidative stress: from atherosclerosis to periodontitis","volume":"51","author":"Itabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)02972-1","article-title":"Mitochondria hyperpolarization is an early event in oxidized low-density lipoprotein apoptosis in Caco-2 intestinal cells","volume":"523","author":"Giovannini","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.66.1060","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein potentiation of Fas-induced apoptosis through lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Imanishi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00343-8","article-title":"Oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis","volume":"1585","author":"Salvayre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11084-4","article-title":"Acute respiratory tract infections and risk of first myocardial infarction","volume":"351","author":"Meier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.25.3039","article-title":"Association of influenza vaccination and reduced risk of recurrent myocardial infarction","volume":"102","author":"Naghavi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.11.040","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and atherosclerosis in a close and dangerous liaison","volume":"221","author":"Vassalle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8802","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.8802-8811.2005","article-title":"Influenza virus infection increases p53 activity: role of p53 in cell death and viral replication","volume":"79","author":"Turpin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3151-x","article-title":"Influenza virus infection induces translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) in A549 cells: role of AIF in apoptosis and viral propagation","volume":"162","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-12","article-title":"Influenza virus induces apoptosis via BAD-mediated mitochondrial dysregulation","volume":"87","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8729","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01384-16","article-title":"The PB2 subunit of the Influenza A virus RNA polymerase is imported into the mitochondrial matrix","volume":"90","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90888-9","article-title":"High levels of cytomegalovirus antibody in patients requiring vascular surgery for atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Adam","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608293350903","article-title":"Association between prior cytomegalovirus infection and the risk of restenosis after coronary atherectomy","volume":"335","author":"Zhou","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.922","article-title":"Cohort study of cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for carotid intima-medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"94","author":"Nieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90741-6","article-title":"Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"2","author":"Saikku","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03490010070032","article-title":"Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumonia and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease","volume":"268","author":"Thom","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-4-273","article-title":"Chronic Chlamydia pneumonia infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinky Heart Study","volume":"16","author":"Saikku","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(96)00055-1","article-title":"Increased incidence of Chlamidia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease","volume":"27","author":"Muhlestein","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.5.437","article-title":"Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease","volume":"71","author":"Mendall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.17.1675","article-title":"Association of virulent Helicobacter pylori strains with ischemic heart disease","volume":"97","author":"Pasceri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890420107","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus\/herpesvirus and carotid atherosclerosis: the ARIC study","volume":"42","author":"Sorlie","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.1.45","article-title":"Prospective study of pathogen burden and risk of myocardial infarction or death","volume":"103","author":"Zhu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00019-8","article-title":"High anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titer is associated with coronary artery disease and may predict post-coronary balloon angioplasty restenosis","volume":"81","author":"Blum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-003-0019-7","article-title":"Anti-cytomegalovirus IgG antibody titer in patients with risk factors to atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Blum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.4.1084","article-title":"\u201cInfective\u201d Myocardial Infacrtion","volume":"103","author":"Blum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0095-0","article-title":"Acute cardiac injury events < 30 days after laboratory confirmed influenza virus infection among U S veterans, 2010-2012","volume":"15","author":"Ludwig","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2019100900583791300_hcy305-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/351979","article-title":"Myocarditis associated with Influenza A H1N1pdm2009","volume":"2012","author":"Ukimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Influenza Res Treat"}],"container-title":["QJM: An International Journal of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article-pdf\/112\/10\/749\/30121371\/hcy305.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article-pdf\/112\/10\/749\/30121371\/hcy305.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T11:07:57Z","timestamp":1662721677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qjmed\/article\/112\/10\/749\/5272466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcy305","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-2725","1460-2393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-2725","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2393","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]}}}