{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:36:40Z","timestamp":1791567400869,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92259203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92259203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82302153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82302153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amide proton transfer (APT), a specific type of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI, has proved valuable in tumor diagnosis and characterization by detecting mobile protein\/peptides in cancerous tissues. However, T1 confounds CEST measurements, leading to reduced specificity to amides and potential misinterpretation of APT imaging.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the quasi-steady-state (QUASS)-based apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (AREX) analysis in correcting T1 for unbiased tumor APT MRI at 3T.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CEST MRI experiments were conducted on an egg white phantom and on prospectively enrolled brain tumor patients with T1 values modulated by gadolinium (Gd). QUASS algorithm was employed to reconstruct steady-state Z spectra. Conventional T1-uncorrected CEST effect was quantified with a multipool Lorentzian function from QUASS Z spectra. The non-QUASS AREX and QUASS-based AREX with T1 correction were calculated from the inverse of non-QUASS and QUASS Z spectra, respectively. The student\u2019s t-test and Bland-Altman plots were performed to assess the statistical difference and consistency between pre- and post-Gd measurements.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the phantom study, vials with different T1 values showed conspicuous discrepancy on the conventional uncorrected APT and non-QUASS AREX maps, but comparable contrast on the QUASS-based AREX map. In the human study, 13 patients were enrolled. The contralateral normal-appearing white matter exhibited no substantial change in T1 and similar CEST effect between uncorrected APT, non-QUASS AREX, and QUASS-based AREX pre- and post-Gd (all P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05). However, the tumor regions showed significantly reduced T1 post-Gd that altered the CEST measurements obtained from uncorrected APT and non-QUASS AREX (both P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). In comparison, QUASS-based AREX measurements were in excellent agreement between pre- and post-Gd (P\u2009=\u2009.19).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>QUASS-based AREX analysis can effectively correct T1 contamination in CEST measurements, facilitating unbiased tumor APT MRI at 3T.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/radadv\/umaf011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T19:24:07Z","timestamp":1741375447000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mitigation of T1 impact for unbiased tumor magnetic resonance amide proton transfer imaging at 3T"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haizhou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center\/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer\/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4323-5083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1999.1956","article-title":"A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST)","volume":"143","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22761","article-title":"Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): what is in a name and what isn't?","volume":"65","author":"van Zijl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10651","article-title":"Amide proton transfer (APT) contrast for imaging of brain tumors","volume":"50","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not158","article-title":"Amide proton transfer imaging of adult diffuse gliomas: correlation with histopathological grades","volume":"16","author":"Togao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2268","article-title":"Differentiation between glioma and radiation necrosis using molecular magnetic resonance imaging of endogenous proteins and peptides","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142979","article-title":"Pre- and posttreatment glioma: comparison of amide proton transfer imaging with MR spectroscopy for biomarkers of tumor proliferation","volume":"278","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06066-2","article-title":"Relaxation-compensated amide proton transfer (APT) MRI signal intensity is associated with survival and progression in high-grade glioma patients","volume":"29","author":"Paech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26900","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of multiparametric MRI in the evaluation of treatment response in glioma patients at 3T","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5182-4","article-title":"Discriminating MGMT promoter methylation status in patients with glioblastoma employing amide proton transfer-weighted MRI metrics","volume":"28","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy073","article-title":"Assessing the predictability of IDH mutation and MGMT methylation status in glioma patients using relaxation-compensated multipool CEST MRI at 7.0 T","volume":"20","author":"Paech","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.109466","article-title":"Diagnostic performance between MR amide proton transfer (APT) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in glioma grading and IDH mutation status prediction at 3T","volume":"134","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3934","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3934","article-title":"Towards the complex dependence of MTRasym on T1w in amide proton transfer (APT) imaging","volume":"31","author":"Zu","year":"2018","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3075","article-title":"On the origins of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast in tumors at 9.4\u2009T","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24441","article-title":"Quantification of amide proton transfer effect pre- and post-gadolinium contrast agent administration","volume":"40","author":"Tee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3428","article-title":"R1 correction in amide proton transfer imaging: indication of the influence of transcytolemmal water exchange on CEST measurements","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.040","article-title":"Relaxation-compensated CEST-MRI of the human brain at 7T: unbiased insight into NOE and amide signal changes in human glioblastoma","volume":"112","author":"Zaiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3054","article-title":"Inverse Z-spectrum analysis for spillover-, MT-, and T1-corrected steady-state pulsed CEST-MRI\u2014application to pH-weighted MRI of acute stroke","volume":"27","author":"Zaiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28653","article-title":"Quasi-steady state chemical exchange saturation transfer (QUASS CEST) analysis-correction of the finite relaxation delay and saturation time for robust CEST measurement","volume":"85","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30056","article-title":"Quasi-steady-state (QUASS) reconstruction enhances T(1) normalization in apparent exchange-dependent relaxation (AREX) analysis: A reevaluation of T(1) correction in quantitative CEST MRI of rodent brain tumor models","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24784","article-title":"APT-weighted and NOE-weighted image contrasts in glioma with different RF saturation powers based on magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry analyses","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/cmmi.240","article-title":"Development and validation of a smoothing-splines-based correction method for improving the analysis of CEST-MR images","volume":"3","author":"Stancanello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21873","article-title":"Water saturation shift referencing (WASSR) for chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28764","article-title":"Preliminary demonstration of in vivo quasi-steady-state CEST postprocessing-correction of saturation time and relaxation delay for robust quantification of tumor MT and APT effects","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29440","article-title":"Guanidinium and amide CEST mapping of human brain by high spectral resolution CEST at 3 T","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-017-1154-y","article-title":"Improved differentiation of low-grade and high-grade gliomas and detection of tumor proliferation using APT contrast fitted from Z-spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Imaging Biol"},{"key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102890","article-title":"Fast and equilibrium CEST imaging of brain tumor patients at 3T","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29241","article-title":"Review and consensus recommendations on clinical APT-weighted imaging approaches at 3T: application to brain tumors","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26264","article-title":"Insight into the quantitative metrics of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging","volume":"77","author":"Heo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27569","article-title":"3D gradient echo snapshot CEST MRI with low power saturation for human studies at 3T","volume":"81","author":"Deshmane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29241","article-title":"pH mapping of gliomas using quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI: quasi-steady-state, spillover-, and MT-corrected omega plot analysis","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28440","article-title":"Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI for differentiating radiation necrosis from tumor progression in brain metastasis-application in a clinical setting","volume":"57","author":"Mehrabian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2615","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of glutamate","volume":"18","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3252","article-title":"In vivo imaging of glucose uptake and metabolism in tumors","volume":"19","author":"Walker-Samuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3436","article-title":"A technique for in vivo mapping of myocardial creatine kinase metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Haris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025041106370653300_umaf011-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29028","article-title":"Demonstration of fast multi-slice quasi-steady-state chemical exchange saturation transfer (QUASS CEST) human brain imaging at 3T","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"}],"container-title":["Radiology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf011\/62340521\/umaf011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/umaf011\/62340521\/umaf011.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/2\/2\/umaf011\/62340521\/umaf011.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:37:21Z","timestamp":1744353441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf011\/8063629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-9337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-9337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"article-number":"umaf011"}}