{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T21:27:59Z","timestamp":1772227679625,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is frequently negative despite a prolonged workup involving several different radiologic and endoscopic tests. Ferumoxytol, a superparamagnetic iron oxide agent used for treatment of iron deficiency anemia, can be used off-label as a blood pool contrast agent at MRI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To perform a proof-of-concept study to determine if ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI (FeMRI) can be performed to assist in detecting the presence and location of GI bleeding in patients who have undergone a negative standard evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective convenience cohort of patients examined with FeMRI at a single center over a 2-year period was evaluated. Inclusion criteria included clinical suspicion for slow or intermittent, active GI bleeding not localized following conventional testing. Exclusion criteria included any allergy to ferumoxytol or iron-containing agents, additional MRI scans scheduled within the following 72\u2009hours, current pregnancy or breastfeeding, history of medication-related hypotensive episodes not related to an acute illness, syncopal events, arrhythmia, or low resting blood pressure. The patient\u2019s clinical characteristics, examination results, and outcome during their hospital stay were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five males and 1 female with average age of 66\u2009years (range, 37-79\u2009years) were imaged with FeMRI. All had undergone full diagnostic evaluation of the GI tract including upper and lower endoscopy and small bowel evaluation with imaging and\/or endoscopic testing; in all patients, repeated rounds of testing were performed. Diagnostic images were obtained in all patients who underwent FeMRI. In 4\/6 (67%) patients, FeMRI demonstrated active bleeding in the small bowel (n\u2009=\u20093) and colon (n\u2009=\u20091).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FeMRI was able to demonstrate the presence and location of active GI bleeding in hospitalized patients with previous extensive negative evaluation. FeMRI should be further evaluated to determine its performance characteristics as an examination in evaluating patients with GI bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/radadv\/umaf043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T12:41:47Z","timestamp":1767271307000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI for detection of gastrointestinal bleeding when conventional evaluation is negative"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael L","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , Rochester, MN, 55905,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8275-126X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff L","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , Rochester, MN, 55905,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.10.017","article-title":"Burden and cost of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States: update 2021","volume":"162","author":"Peery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.246","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of small bowel bleeding. practice guideline research support, non-U.S. Gov\u2019t","volume":"110","author":"Gerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170138","article-title":"CT for evaluation of acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"38","author":"Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e232298","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232298","article-title":"The role of imaging for GI bleeding: ACG and SAR consensus recommendations","volume":"310","author":"Sengupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.2.2326474","article-title":"Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron-oxide\u2014characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging","volume":"175","author":"Weissleder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2214\/Ajr.22.28453","article-title":"Ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI in children and young adults: state of the art","volume":"220","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06137-4","article-title":"Ferumoxytol magnetic resonance angiography: a dose-finding study in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Stoumpos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced MR angiography without gadolinium-based contrast material: clinical applications using ferumoxytol","volume":"4","author":"Jalili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol-Cardiothorac."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019190477","article-title":"Multicenter safety and practice for off-label diagnostic use of ferumoxytol in MRI","volume":"293","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.3.9844672","article-title":"Intestinal and peritoneal bleeding: detection with an intravascular contrast agent and fast three-dimensional MR imaging\u2014preliminary experience from an experimental study","volume":"209","author":"Hilfiker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.4.581","article-title":"Comparison of three dimensional magnetic resonance imaging in conjunction with a blood pool contrast agent and nuclear scintigraphy for the detection of experimentally induced gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"45","author":"Hilfiker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1205-5","article-title":"Evaluation of dual-phase multi-detector-row CT for detection of intestinal bleeding using an experimental bowel model","volume":"19","author":"Dobritz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2283020756","article-title":"Detection of active colonic hemorrhage with use of helical CT: findings in a swine model","volume":"228","author":"Kuhle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B14","first-page":"374","article-title":"Radiographic demonstration of unknown sites of gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"14","author":"Nusbaum","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1148\/124.3.753","article-title":"Scintigraphic detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"124","author":"Alavi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-025-05065-w","article-title":"Role of MRI for assessment of GI bleeding: a pictorial review of indications, technique and performance","author":"Naringrekar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026022715505564800_umaf043-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.157289","article-title":"Gastrointestinal bleeding scintigraphy in the early 21st century","volume":"57","author":"Grady","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["Radiology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf043\/66254907\/umaf043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/1\/umaf043\/66254907\/umaf043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/1\/umaf043\/66254907\/umaf043.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T20:51:03Z","timestamp":1772225463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf043\/8413494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/radadv\/umaf043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-9337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-9337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"umaf043"}}