{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T20:20:36Z","timestamp":1784924436873,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences are widely used in pulmonary MRI due to favorable lung parenchyma signal but are limited by acquisition time and complex reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare an AI-enhanced 3D gradient echo sequence with a UTE sequence for lung nodule detection and Lung-RADS classification, using CT as the reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this single-center observational study, patients with at least one CT-detected lung nodule underwent pulmonary MRI. MRI included a respiratory-gated AI-accelerated 3D gradient-echo sequence (CSAI-GRE) and a respiratory-gated 3D UTE sequence, both acquired with comparable scan times. Three radiologists independently assessed image quality, nodule detection, and Lung-RADS classification. CT served as the reference standard. Statistical analyses included paired tests for image quality, mixed-effects modeling for lesion-level detection, and \u03ba statistics for Lung-RADS agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 54 patients (mean age, 65\u2009\u00b1\u200912\u2009years; 23 women [43%]) with 97 pulmonary nodules. Subjective image quality was higher for CSAI-GRE than UTE (mean score, 4.30 vs 3.91; P\u2009=\u2009.005). Lesion-level detection was 96.9% for CSAI-GRE and 92.8% for UTE; mixed-effects analysis showed higher conditional detection odds for CSAI-GRE (OR, 10.2; 95% CI, 2.4-43.3; P\u2009=\u2009.002). MRI-CT agreement for Lung-RADS categorization ranged from substantial to almost perfect across readers (\u03ba range, 0.79-0.93 for CSAI-GRE; 0.72-0.94 for UTE). Lung-RADS reclassification relative to CT occurred in 12.3% (20\/162; 95% CI, 8.1-18.3) of CSAI-GRE and 20.8% (33\/159; 95% CI, 15.2-27.7) of UTE reader assessments, including 5.6% (9\/162; 95% CI, 3.0%-10.2%) and 10.7% (17\/159; 95% CI, 6.8%-16.5%) management-relevant changes, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CSAI-GRE and UTE enabled reliable pulmonary nodule detection. CSAI-GRE provided superior subjective image quality and slightly higher detection performance than UTE. However, the Lung-RADS reclassification rates suggest that MRI-based Lung-RADS categorization may not yet be sufficiently robust for routine clinical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/radadv\/umag029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:40:31Z","timestamp":1783428031000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-accelerated 3D gradient echo versus ultrashort echo time MRI for lung nodule detection and measurement"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2111-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander W","family":"Marka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips GmbH Market DACH , Hamburg 22335,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-8624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keno","family":"Bressem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lenhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Lemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian T","family":"Gassert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1922-0826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus R","family":"Makowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2002-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor S","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine I, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyer","family":"Safi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios C","family":"Karampinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ziegelmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM Klinikum, Technical University of Munich (TUM) , Munich 81675,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201138","article-title":"Expanding applications of pulmonary MRI in the clinical evaluation of lung disorders: Fleischner Society Position Paper","volume":"297","author":"Hatabu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3161","article-title":"Rapid and robust pulmonary proton ZTE imaging in the mouse","volume":"27","author":"Weiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27800","article-title":"Implementation of the FLORET UTE sequence for lung imaging","volume":"82","author":"Willmering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/rli.0000000000001135","article-title":"Leveraging phase information of 3D isotropic ultrashort echo time pulmonary MRI for the detection of thoracic lymphadenopathy: toward an all-in-one scan solution","volume":"60","author":"Ziegelmayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211254","article-title":"Efficacy of ultrashort echo time pulmonary MRI for lung nodule detection and Lung-RADS classification","volume":"302","author":"Ohno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-024-11027-5","article-title":"Speed and efficiency: evaluating pulmonary nodule detection with AI-enhanced 3D gradient echo imaging","author":"Ziegelmayer","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-023-00531-4","article-title":"Detection of solid and subsolid pulmonary nodules with lung MRI: performance of UTE, T1 gradient-echo, and single-shot T2 fast spin echo","volume":"23","author":"Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2025.07.030","article-title":"AI-enhanced 3D gradient echo MRI: a radiation-free alternative to CT for lung nodule detection and Lung-RADS classification","author":"Marka","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtocrr.2022.100329","article-title":"Implementing lung cancer screening in Europe: taking a systems approach","volume":"3","author":"Wait","year":"2022","journal-title":"JTO Clin Res Rep"},{"key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2024.107741","article-title":"Impact of undersampling on preclinical lung T(2)* mapping with 3D radial UTE MRI at 7 T","volume":"365","author":"Stecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30277","article-title":"High-quality FLORET UTE imaging for clinical translation","volume":"93","author":"Willmering","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204825","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3034287","article-title":"An adaptive intelligence algorithm for undersampled knee MRI reconstruction","volume":"8","author":"Pezzotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00196"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22463","article-title":"Combination of compressed sensing and parallel imaging for highly accelerated first-pass cardiac perfusion MRI","volume":"64","author":"Otazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22161","article-title":"Accelerating SENSE using compressed sensing","volume":"62","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N391","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/21\/N391","article-title":"Compressed sensing MRI combined with SENSE in partial k-space","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28338","article-title":"Advancing machine learning for MR image reconstruction with an open competition: Overview of the 2019 fastMRI challenge","volume":"84","author":"Knoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26500","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrashort echo-time imaging using a FLORET trajectory","volume":"78","author":"Robison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13574","article-title":"UTE-mDixon-based thorax synthetic CT generation","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.09.009","article-title":"ACR Lung-RADS v2022: assessment categories and management recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Christensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200611","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.2021200611","article-title":"T2-weighted lung imaging using a 0.55-T MRI system","volume":"3","author":"Campbell-Washburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-020-00451-w","article-title":"Feasibility of pulmonary MRI for nodule detection in comparison to computed tomography","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150489","article-title":"Detection of small pulmonary nodules with ultrashort echo time sequences in oncology patients by using a PET\/MR system","volume":"278","author":"Burris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25008","article-title":"Pulmonary high-resolution ultrashort TE MR imaging: comparison with thin-section standard- and low-dose computed tomography for the assessment of pulmonary parenchyma diseases","volume":"43","author":"Ohno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01124-0","article-title":"Detection of lung lesions in breath-hold VIBE and free-breathing spiral VIBE MRI compared to CT","volume":"12","author":"Olthof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e230241","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.230241","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of MRI for the detection of pulmonary nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cavion","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.11.020","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of non-contrast CAIPIRINHA-VIBE 3T-MRI and multidetector CT for detection of pulmonary nodules: in vivo evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and image quality","volume":"85","author":"Dewes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-022-00439-1","article-title":"Free-breathing 3D Stack of Stars GRE (StarVIBE) sequence for detecting pulmonary nodules in 18F-FDG PET\/MRI","volume":"9","author":"Bruckmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.05.015","article-title":"Clinical application of ultrashort echo-time MRI for lung pathologies in children","volume":"76","author":"Geiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2193-1379","article-title":"Ultra-short echo time (UTE) MR imaging: a brief review on technical considerations and clinical applications","volume":"196","author":"Slawig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42490-019-0006-z","article-title":"Compressed sensing MRI: a review from signal processing perspective","volume":"1","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161659","article-title":"Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: from the Fleischner Society 2017","volume":"284","author":"MacMahon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2026072415561467400_umag029-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207168","article-title":"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules: accredited by NICE","volume":"70","author":"Callister","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Radiology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag029\/68707419\/umag029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/4\/umag029\/68707419\/umag029.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/4\/umag029\/68707419\/umag029.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:56:21Z","timestamp":1784922981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag029\/8726064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-9337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-9337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"umag029"}}