{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:54:53Z","timestamp":1790646893437,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiology-risk communication affects multiple clinical specialties that use ionizing radiation, and many patients seek related information online. Prior expert evaluations found comparable performance between ChatGPT-generated and radiology-risk answers from official institutions, but patient perspectives have not been assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess patients\u2019 perceptions of ChatGPT versus human-generated radiology-risk information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From December 2024 to March 2025, patients at 3 hospitals in the United States, Switzerland, and Lebanon were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 common radiology-risk questions. Participants, blinded to source, provided subjective ratings of both ChatGPT\u20113.5 and human-generated institutional responses on 7-point Likert scales for satisfaction (primary outcome), comprehensibility, trust, and reassurance. Quantitative comparisons were performed with Inverse Normalizing Transformation, and free-text comments were analyzed using thematic coding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 328 patients participated (34% aged 18-39\u2009years, 33% aged 40-59\u2009years, 31% aged 60-79\u2009years, 3% aged \u226580\u2009years; 188 female). ChatGPT responses were rated significantly higher than human responses for satisfaction (0.70-point advantage; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), comprehensibility (0.27 points; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01), trust (0.65 points; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and reassurance (0.51 points; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Findings converged with qualitative written comments (r\u2009=\u20090.91, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), in which ChatGPT attracted 2.3\u00d7 more positive comments while human-generated responses received 1.7\u00d7 more negative comments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike experts, patients preferred ChatGPT-generated responses to institutional materials for radiology risk questions. This divergence highlights the need for patient-centered communication and suggests that large language model-based styles, implemented with expert oversight, may improve the perceived clarity and trustworthiness of educational materials in medical specialties that use ionizing radiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/radadv\/umag033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:53:10Z","timestamp":1784807590000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patients prefer ChatGPT to institutional websites for questions on radiation-based imaging exams: international mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofyan","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6600-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charbel","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lebanese Hospital Geitaoui\u2014UMC , Achrafieh, Geitaoui, 1100,","place":["Lebanon"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiation Physics (IRA), University of Lausanne (UNIL) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6975-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Richiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1391-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Brito Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Poncet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5494-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Gulizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7992-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"de Labouchere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiologic Medical Imaging Technology, School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO) , Del\u00e9mont, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Harkness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Imaging Physics Group, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6321-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rotzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Ria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Imaging Physics Group, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Carl E. Ravin Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Center for Virtual Imaging Trials, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, NC 27710,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1379-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pozzessere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL) , Lausanne, 1011,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42447","DOI":"10.2196\/42447","article-title":"Online health information seeking among patients with chronic conditions: integrating the health belief model and social support theory","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49647","DOI":"10.2196\/49647","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 and patients\u2019 expectations from digital agents for consultations: interview study among physicians and patients","volume":"11","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47564","DOI":"10.2196\/47564","article-title":"User intentions to use ChatGPT for self-diagnosis and health-related purposes: cross-sectional survey study","volume":"10","author":"Shahsavar","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Hum Factors"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233465","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.233465","article-title":"ChatGPT versus radiology institutional websites: comparative analysis of radiation protection information provided to patients","volume":"311","author":"Jankowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42737","article-title":"Doctor versus artificial intelligence: patient and physician evaluation of large language model responses to rheumatology patient questions in a cross-sectional study","volume":"76","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol Hoboken NJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838","article-title":"Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum","volume":"183","author":"Ayers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3201","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u2013generated draft replies to patient inbox messages","volume":"7","author":"Garcia","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2025.06.013","article-title":"RadGPT: a system based on a large language model that generates sets of patient-centered materials to explain radiology report information","volume":"22","author":"Herwald","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241941","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.241941","article-title":"ChatGPT versus radiology institutional websites: what is the patients\u2019 point of view?","volume":"314","author":"Crim\u00ec","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01258-7","article-title":"A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review","volume":"7","author":"Tam","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024338","article-title":"Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation","volume":"141","author":"Fritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkaf021","article-title":"The use of large language models to enhance cancer clinical trial educational materials","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4057","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12328-x","article-title":"ChatGPT vs. neurologists: a cross-sectional study investigating preference, satisfaction ratings and perceived empathy in responses among people living with multiple sclerosis","volume":"271","author":"Maida","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20563","article-title":"Promoting trust between patients and physicians in the era of artificial intelligence","volume":"322","author":"Nundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7233","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7233.484","article-title":"Misunderstandings in prescribing decisions in general practice: qualitative study","volume":"320","author":"Britten","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B16","first-page":"A4787","article-title":"Hospitals need to customise care according to patients\u2019 differing information-seeking behaviour","volume":"61","author":"Riiskj\u00e6r","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001374","article-title":"National evaluation of patient preferences in selecting hospitals and healthcare providers","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17385","article-title":"ChatGPT in transfusion medicine: a new frontier for patients?","volume":"63","author":"Stephens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1677913","article-title":"Health information management: implications of artificial intelligence on healthcare data and information management","volume":"28","author":"Stanfill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yearb Med Inform"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43262","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.43262","article-title":"Unraveling the ethical enigma: artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"15","author":"Jeyaraman","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.08.022","article-title":"Effectiveness of the medical chatbot PROSCA to inform patients about prostate cancer: results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Baumgaertner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Urol OPEN Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026092820562552600_umag033-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10720-2","article-title":"Large language models and bariatric surgery patient education: a comparative readability analysis of GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Bard, and online institutional resources","volume":"38","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"}],"container-title":["Radiology Advances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag033\/69922049\/umag033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/4\/umag033\/69922049\/umag033.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article-pdf\/3\/4\/umag033\/69922049\/umag033.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:56:32Z","timestamp":1790643392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/radadv\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag033\/8740998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/radadv\/umag033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2976-9337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2976-9337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"umag033"}}