{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T02:28:36Z","timestamp":1786674516599,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":197,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment","award":["NIHR129011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR129011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise the use of intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACIs) in a large patient cohort with OA in UK primary care from 2005 to 2020. We sought to evaluate IACI practices, identify patterns of administration across different joints, assess regional variation and examine potential demographic factors influencing IACI utilisation for managing OA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study used data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD, a database of primary care health records. Data from other healthcare settings were not included. Patients \u226520\u2009years of age with a first diagnosis of OA between 2005 and 2019 were included. OA and IACIs were identified through Read and Gemscript codes, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 220\u2009125 patients with OA, 11% received at least one IACI. The anatomical location was only specified in 56% of IACI records. The highest proportion of injections occurred in patients with multiple joints diagnosed with OA (19.0%), followed by the shoulder (14.9%) and knee (12.5%). The median time from OA diagnosis to first injection was 0.9\u2009years and was shortest for the shoulder (0.3\u2009years) and longest for the elbow (2.1\u2009years). We observed substantial regional variation, with incidence rates ranging from 1.2 injections per 100 patient-years in the South East Coast to 3.8 in Yorkshire and the Humber.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study observed notable variation in the median time from OA diagnosis to injection, across different joints, with substantial heterogeneity in the incidence of IACIs across UK regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkag085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:40:51Z","timestamp":1784288451000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterising intra-articular corticosteroid injections use in UK primary care: a retrospective cohort study between 2005 and 2020"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ffion","family":"Samuels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Sciences Section, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Prats-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Sciences Section, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Saura Lazaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Sciences Section, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulraj S","family":"Matharu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Delmestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Sciences Section, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Judge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Whitehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol , Bristol,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Prieto-Alhambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Data Sciences Section, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre , Oxford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.01.013","article-title":"OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January 2009","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B2","volume-title":"Prioritising osteoarthritis and improving patient care","author":"Loftis","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2006.12.003","article-title":"New developments in osteoarthritis","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B4","first-page":"S230","article-title":"The economic burden of osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Bitton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204763","article-title":"The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study","volume":"73","author":"Cross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B6","volume-title":"Osteoarthritis in general practice","author":"Arthritis Research UK","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2021.0206","article-title":"Projections for primary hip and knee replacement surgery up to the year 2060: an analysis based on data from the National Joint Registry for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man","volume":"104","author":"Matharu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"K4","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-3211-8-S1-K4","article-title":"Priority medicines for Europe and the World: setting a public-health-based medicines development agenda","volume":"8(Suppl 1)","author":"Wirtz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B9","volume-title":"Osteoarthritis: the care and management of osteoarthritis in adults","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B10","volume-title":"Osteoarthritis: care and management in adults","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B11","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Osteoarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. 2022. Report No.: NG226."},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B12","volume-title":"British national formulary","author":"Joint Formulary Committee","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2012.02963.x","article-title":"Corticosteroid injection into the osteoarthritic knee: drug selection, dose, and injection frequency","volume":"66","author":"Douglas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","article-title":"Data resource profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)","volume":"44","author":"Herrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128\u201336","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp10X483562","article-title":"Validity of diagnostic coding within the General Practice Research Database: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2019-0191","article-title":"Nonindependence of patient data in the clinical practice research datalink: a case study in atrial fibrillation patients","volume":"9","author":"Sammon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B17","volume-title":"National joint registry annual reports","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex270","article-title":"Population trends in the incidence and initial management of osteoarthritis: age-period-cohort analysis of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, 1992\u20132013","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0311668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311668","article-title":"Intra-articular corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis: a qualitative study of patients\u2019 and clinicians\u2019 experiences","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030093","article-title":"Accuracy of intraarticular injections: blind vs. image guided techniques\u2014a review of literature","volume":"8","author":"Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X692117","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided injections in primary care: evidence, costs, and suggestions for change","volume":"67","author":"Bee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10143178","article-title":"Gender and sex are key determinants in osteoarthritis not only confounding variables. a systematic review of clinical data","volume":"10","author":"Tschon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B23","author":"The King\u2019s Fund","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13304","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413304","article-title":"Development and validation of a primary care electronic health record phenotype to study migration and health in the UK","volume":"18","author":"Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026081321364910400_rkag085-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4673","article-title":"Validation of hip osteoarthritis diagnosis recording in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"28","author":"Ferguson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Rheumatology Advances in Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rheumap\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/rap\/rkag085\/69201570\/rkag085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rheumap\/article-pdf\/10\/3\/rkag085\/69201570\/rkag085.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rheumap\/article-pdf\/10\/3\/rkag085\/69201570\/rkag085.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T01:36:56Z","timestamp":1786671416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rheumap\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/rap\/rkag085\/8736943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rap\/rkag085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2514-1775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2514-1775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"rkag085"}}