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Herein, a flexible, biocompatible and biodegradable piezoelectric \u03b2-glycine\u2013alginate\u2013glycerol (Gly-Alg-Glycerol) film with excellent in vitro and in vivo sensing performance was developed. Remarkably, a single, monolithic \u03b2-glycine spherulite, instead of more commonly observed multiple spherulites, was formed in alginate matrix, thereby resulting in outstanding piezoelectric property, including high piezoelectric constant (7.2 pC\/N) and high piezoelectric sensitivity (1.97\u2009mV\/kPa). The Gly-Alg-Glycerol film exhibited superior flexibility, enabling complex shape-shifting, e.g. origami pigeon, 40% tensile strain, and repeated bending and folding deformation without fracture. In vitro, the flexible Gly-Alg-Glycerol film sensor could detect subtle pulse signal, sound wave and recognize shear stress applied from different directions. In addition, we have demonstrated that the Gly-Alg-Glycerol film sensor sealed by polylactic acid and beeswax could serve as an in vivo sensor to monitor physiological pressure signals such as heartbeat, respiration and muscle movement. Finally, the Gly-Alg-Glycerol film possessed good biocompatibility, supporting the attachment and proliferation of rat mesenchymal stromal cells, and biodegradability, thereby showing great potential as biodegradable piezoelectric biomaterials for biomedical sensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbae047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T12:38:18Z","timestamp":1715344698000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Glycine\/alginate-based piezoelectric film consisting of a single, monolithic \u03b2-glycine spherulite towards flexible and biodegradable force sensor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiaoxia","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China"},{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanfeng","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengze","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, Dalian Key Laboratory of Artificial Organ and Regenerative Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P. R. 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