{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:58:16Z","timestamp":1790899096203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":191,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020771","name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82501363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82501363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. Chronic neuroinflammation drives progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss independent of intraocular pressure, yet safe, sustained and precise neuroprotective modulation of the retinal inflammatory microenvironment remains a significant challenge. We developed an injectable fibrin gel delivery system loaded with ginseng-derived exosomes (GE-fibrin gel, GE-gel) to modulate microglial polarization, reduce retinal inflammation and promote RGC survival. In vitro, GE showed strong antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects by getting rid of reactive oxygen species caused by oxidative stress and lowering apoptosis in R28 cells. Both GE and GE-gel stopped lipopolysaccharide from causing pro-inflammatory M1 polarization of microglia and increased anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypic change. Intravitreal injection of GE-gel suppressed pro-inflammatory microglial activation, diminished neuroinflammation and improved the survival of RGCs in a chronic ocular hypertension rat model. These results show that GE-gel could promote microglial polarization, change the immune environment in the retina and protect RGCs functionally over the long term. This approach may hopefully provide promising solutions for rapid and effective glaucoma therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:50:14Z","timestamp":1783511414000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ginseng-derived exosomes loaded in fibrin gel promote retinal ganglion cell survival in glaucoma by exerting anti-inflammatory effects through modulating microglial polarization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dengming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Aier Glaucoma Institute, Changsha Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Innovation Center, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital , Changsha 410015,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanqi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southeast University , Nanjing 210009,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailian","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , Hangzhou 310024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Eye Research Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Hangzhou 310018,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Aier Glaucoma Institute, Changsha Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Innovation Center, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital , Changsha 410015,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Aier Glaucoma Institute, Changsha Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Innovation Center, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital , Changsha 410015,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS , Hangzhou 310024,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aier Academy of Ophthalmology, Central South University , Changsha 410083,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Aier Glaucoma Institute, Changsha Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment Technology 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