{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:58:09Z","timestamp":1790841489582,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":216,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAMS Plastic Surgery Hospital Institutional Fund","award":["YSZ2024CG002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YSZ2024CG002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fk0yb75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Southeast University","award":["2025-M04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-M04"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ab0at74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cutaneous pigmentary disorders, including vitiligo, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and solar\/senile lentigines (SL), are prevalent, chronic and recurrent conditions driven by interactions among melanocytes, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and environmental stimuli. Conventional animal models and two-dimensional cultures incompletely reproduce the cellular heterogeneity, tissue architecture and the dynamic microenvironment that regulates human pigmentation. To address these challenges, this review evaluates human-relevant in vitro models through a framework integrating biomaterial engineering, disease-specific modeling and translational evaluation, based on principles of tissue engineering, pathological reconstruction and predictive assessment. We compare ex vivo explants, co-cultures, three-dimensional skin equivalents, bioprinted constructs, organoids and skin-on-a-chip platforms in terms of cell sources, engineered matrices, structural fidelity, functional readouts, disease specificity, reproducibility and suitability for mechanistic studies and therapeutic evaluation. We further distinguish pigmentation-capable systems from models that recapitulate disease-specific pathological processes, including immune-mediated melanocyte loss in vitiligo, chronic dermal-epidermal signaling alterations in melasma, inflammation-associated pigmentation in PIH and senescence-related microenvironmental remodeling in SL. Current bottlenecks, including vascular and immune integration, long-term stability, quantitative monitoring, reproducibility, standardization and regulatory acceptance within the framework of New Approach Methodologies, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:39:21Z","timestamp":1785843561000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    skin models for pigmentary disorders: from reconstructed tissues to skin-on-a-chip platforms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tianxiao","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Microphysiological Systems, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Microphysiological Systems, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Organs-on-a-Chip Research, Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Suzhou 215163,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Organs-on-a-Chip Research, Jiangsu Avatarget Biotechnology Co., Ltd , Suzhou 215163,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuo","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongze","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Microphysiological Systems, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaozao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast University , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Microphysiological Systems, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningbei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100144,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Skin-on-a-Chip Translational Medicine Center, Joint Laboratory of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Southeast 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