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Conventional biomaterials, while offering structural support, remain electrically inert and unable to reconstitute the bioelectric signaling context essential for functional neural regeneration. Here, we review the emerging class of electroactive biomaterials, encompassing conductive and piezoelectric platforms that are engineered to actively interface with and therapeutically remodel this pathological milieu. We first systematically characterize the electrophysiological sequelae of neurotrauma, detailing how glutamate excitotoxicity, GABAergic polarity inversion and voltage-gated channel dysfunction collectively drive aberrant depolarized states in both central and peripheral injury contexts. We then analyze how electroactive scaffolds transduce or autonomously generate localized electrical cues to modulate ion channel kinetics and activate neurogenic cascades across brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury models. Finally, we critically examine translational barriers\u2014including interfacial impedance mismatch, asynchronous biodegradation and neuroimmune reactivity\u2014that currently impede clinical deployment. This synthesis identifies key design imperatives for next-generation bioelectronic therapies capable of dynamically restoring electrophysiological homeostasis to promote meaningful neural recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbag168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:20:07Z","timestamp":1785756007000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electroactive biomaterials modulating ion channels in nervous system regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zide","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beiing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adilijiang","family":"Aihemaitiniyazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beiing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshitatsu","family":"Nagayasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beiing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beiing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weitao","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beiing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218,","place":["China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100515061320700_rbag168-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221137762","article-title":"The roles of microglia and astrocytes in 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