{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:50:20Z","timestamp":1791849020037,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province in China","award":["2024LZGC019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024LZGC019"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province in China","award":["2025LZGC032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025LZGC032"]}]},{"name":"Crosswise Tasks","award":["20240268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240268"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In brief: Restricting feed antibiotics in ruminant breeding urgently demands probiotic strategies to mitigate environmental toxin\u2013induced male reproductive impairment, yet the rumen\u2013testis axis interorgan regulatory mechanisms of marine-origin bacilli remain largely uncharacterized. This study establishes a novel cross-organ axis mediated by Bacillus maritimus N2 enriches ruminal anti-inflammatory Adlercreutzia, reducing circulating phenolic pro-oxidants while elevating serum quercetin, thereby activating testicular oxidative phosphorylation and tight-junction programmes. This rumen\u2013testis axis boosts steroidogenesis, germ-cell development, and blood\u2013testis barrier integrity in Bohai Black cattle, supporting microbial-targeted bull fertility regulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Abstract: Probiotics have attracted significant attention as a potential strategy to improve testicular molecular signatures relevant to reproduction in ruminants. In this study, Bohai Black cattle were used as a model to systematically elucidate the mechanisms by which Bacillus maritimus strain N2 positively modulates testicular transcriptomic and metabolic signatures through multiomics techniques. The study found that feeding N2 to the cattle specifically enriched the rumen with Adlercreutzia bacteria, which have anti-inflammatory potential, and markedly reduced levels of pro-oxidant toxins, such as phenolic derivatives, in the host circulatory system, accompanied by an increase in the antioxidant metabolite quercetin. Integrated analysis indicated that these metabolic changes were closely associated with a testicular gene coexpression module enriched for oxidative phosphorylation. Ultimately, N2 intervention significantly enhanced the expression of key protein markers involved in steroid synthesis, germ-cell development, and blood\u2013testis barrier integrity in the testes. This study is the first to depict a cross-organ regulatory axis of probiotics through enriching rumen Adlercreutzia\u2014remodeling host metabolic profile-activating testicular energy and barrier programs, providing an important mechanistic example for a deeper understanding of rumen\u2013testis axis interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/reprod\/xaag108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:21:52Z","timestamp":1788236512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Bacillus maritimus<\/i>\n                    strain N2 promotes testicular molecular signatures in Bohai Black cattle by remodeling the rumen microbiota\u2013host metabolic axis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Yan-Ni","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1338-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Yu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuang-Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Yin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Diniu High-quality Breeding Co., Ltd , Wudi,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Lei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Animal Products Quality and Safety Center , Jinan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry General Station of Shandong Province , Jinan,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Er","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry General Station of Shandong Province , 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