{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:37:43Z","timestamp":1792615063676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2020\u201305726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020\u201305726"]}]},{"name":"National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2023-0523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-0523"]}]},{"name":"National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","award":["RGPIN-2019\u201304740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019\u201304740"]}]},{"name":"INRS Chair on Endocrine Disruptors and Mammary Glands: From Mechanisms of Action to Toxicological Risks"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012618","name":"Fondation Armand-Frappier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012618","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"FRQS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Graduate Research Scholarship\u2014Doctoral Program","award":["2025\u20132026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025\u20132026"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Award","award":["RN579903-576108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RN579903-576108"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In brief: The immune mechanisms accompanying normal postnatal mammary gland development remain incompletely understood. This study identifies peripuberty as a distinct phase of immune\u2013stromal remodeling characterized by coordinated changes in immune cell signatures and chemokine signaling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Abstract: Postnatal mammary gland development is a hormone-dependent process involving extensive epithelial expansion and stromal remodeling. Although endocrine regulation of mammary morphogenesis is well established, the role of the immune system during normal mammary gland development remains incompletely understood. Here, we characterized immune remodeling across prepuberty, peripuberty, and adulthood in the rat mammary gland by integrating bulk transcriptomics, immune\u2013stromal deconvolution, pathway enrichment analysis, cytokine and chemokine profiling, and immunolocalization. Our analyses identified peripuberty as a distinct phase of immune\u2013stromal remodeling. Prepuberty was enriched in innate immune populations and immune establishment programs associated with tissue organization. In contrast, peripuberty displayed increased adaptive immune signatures and activation of chemokine pathways involved in leukocyte recruitment and spatial organization. Notably, this transition occurred alongside lower tissue concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that immune recruitment during peripuberty reflects a developmentally programmed signaling state rather than classical inflammation. By adulthood, immune composition and signaling profiles stabilized, consistent with immune homeostasis and surveillance. Transcript\u2013protein integration revealed limited concordance between developmental changes in cytokine and chemokine transcripts and their corresponding proteins. No paired RNA-protein associated remained significant after multiple-testing correction, suggesting that regulation beyond transcription may contribute to soluble mediator profiles. Together, these findings demonstrate that postnatal mammary gland development is accompanied by stage-specific immune programming and establish a systems-level framework for understanding developmental immunology in the mammary gland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/reprod\/xaag122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:23:28Z","timestamp":1790425408000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated transcriptomic and immunological mapping reveals peripubertal immune reprogramming in rat mammary gland development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Tovar Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie , Laval, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie , Laval, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Delb\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie , Laval, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-8365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Audet-Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Endocrinologie-N\u00e9phrologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Arthritis Research Center, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Plante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Sant\u00e9 Biotechnologie , Laval, Qu\u00e9bec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102115373772200_xaag122-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0131-x","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated communication: A quantitative appraisal of immune complexity","volume":"19","author":"Altan-Bonnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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