{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:00:16Z","timestamp":1791406816993,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010876","name":"Vasculitis UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010876","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000568","name":"British Society for Rheumatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To quantify the risk of death among people with rare autoimmune rheumatic diseases (RAIRD) during the UK 2020 COVID-19 pandemic compared with the general population, and compared with their pre-COVID risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cohort study in Hospital Episode Statistics for England from 2003 onwards, and linked data from the NHS Personal Demographics Service. We used ONS published data for general population mortality rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 168\u2009691 people with a recorded diagnosis of RAIRD alive on 1 March 2020. Their median age was 61.7 (IQR 41.5\u201375.4) years, and 118\u2009379 (70.2%) were female. Our case ascertainment methods had a positive predictive value of 85%. A total of 1815 (1.1%) participants died during March and April 2020. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) among people with RAIRD (3669.3; 95% CI: 3500.4, 3838.1 per 100\u2009000 person-years) was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.42, 1.45) times higher than the average ASMR during the same months of the previous 5\u2009years, whereas in the general population of England it was 1.38 times higher. Age-specific mortality rates in people with RAIRD compared with the pre-COVID rates were higher from the age of 35 upwards, whereas in the general population the increased risk began from age 55 upwards. Women had a greater increase in mortality rates during COVID-19 compared with men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of all-cause death is more prominently raised during COVID-19 among people with RAIRD than among the general population. We urgently need to quantify how much risk is due to COVID-19 infection and how much is due to disruption to health-care services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T15:11:16Z","timestamp":1606489876000},"page":"1902-1909","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Risk of death among people with rare autoimmune diseases compared with the general population in England during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Peach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Rutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, 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