{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:47:23Z","timestamp":1757706443125,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft Junge Rheumatologie\u2014rheumadocs"},{"name":"German Society for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the histopathological features of the temporalis muscle (TM) and adjacent nerve tissue in active cranial giant cell arteritis (C-GCA).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) specimens containing fragments of the TM from patients with active C-GCA fulfilling the 2022 ACR\/EULAR classification criteria (n\u2009=\u200911) were assessed by conventional histology and immunohistochemistry in comparison with non-GCA controls (n\u2009=\u20093). Clinical, laboratory and imaging features based on patient charts at time of biopsy were retrospectively recorded.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The majority of the studied TAB specimens showed inflammation of the TM (10\/11) and adjacent nerve fascicles (7\/11) that was characterized by prominent endomysial lymphomonocytic infiltrates, whereas controls showed no inflammatory lesions and no disruption of the local architecture. The association\u00a0of active C-GCA with sarcolemmal MHC class I (8\/8) and MHC class II (6\/11) upregulation suggests primary inflammation of the TM in a subset of patients. \u03b1B-Crystallin positivity (10\/11) highlights areas of pre-necrotic myofibres within the TM. The presence of endomysial fibrosis, signs of atrophy and variations in muscle fibre size suggest a rather longstanding and potentially subclinical process of myoinflammation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results expand the spectrum of inflammatory lesions known to be associated with active C-GCA. Specifically, inflammatory infiltration of the TM and adjacent nerve structures could contribute to localized symptoms of the temporomandibular region and may be included in future concepts of pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T16:40:28Z","timestamp":1729010428000},"page":"3884-3888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inflammation of the temporalis muscle and adjacent nerve tissue in giant cell arteritis: expanding the spectrum of inflammatory lesions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8394-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas","family":"Ruffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"III. 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Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leona","family":"Kawelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Hilmar","family":"Goebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4537-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Poddubnyy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Sch\u00e4nzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University Gie\u00dfen , Gie\u00dfen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Preu\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Krusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"III. 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