{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:36:26Z","timestamp":1775698586172,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]],"date-time":"2018-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"BSRBR-AS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000568","name":"British Society for Rheumatology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000568","name":"BSR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000568","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011110","name":"UCB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effects of smoking on disease manifestations in axial SpA are inadequately described. Utilizing a large and well-characterized cohort, we investigated the association between smoking and extra-axial manifestations, and smoking and disease severity measures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Baseline data from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis were explored. Our analyses focused on extra-axial manifestations and other disease severity measures, including scales for fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression. Logistic and linear models were used to quantify associations between disease characteristics according to smoking status (current\/ex\/never) and quantity (heavy\/light), adjusting for age, gender, BMI, education, deprivation, comorbidities, symptom duration and alcohol status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 2031 participants were eligible for the current analysis (68% male, mean age 49 years). Of these, 24% were current and 32% ex-smokers. When compared with non-smokers, current smokers had lower odds of uveitis [OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5\u20130.9] and higher odds of psoriasis (ORadj 1.6, 95% CI 1.1\u20132.3). Ex- and current smokers had incrementally more severe disease than never smokers, with higher BASDAI (\u03b2 = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1\u20130.6; \u03b2 = 0.9, 95% CI 0.6\u20131.2) and BASFI (\u03b2 = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2\u20130.8; \u03b2 = 1.3, 95% CI 1.0\u20131.6); similar associations were observed for fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this large cross-sectional study, we observed that smoking is independently associated with an adverse disease profile in axial SpA, including worse fatigue, sleep, anxiety and depression, and higher odds of psoriasis. The paradoxical association between current smoking and reduced odds of uveitis is interesting and warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T16:32:46Z","timestamp":1542299566000},"page":"811-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Associations between smoking and extra-axial manifestations and disease severity in axial spondyloarthritis: results from the BSR Biologics Register for Ankylosing Spondylitis (BSRBR-AS)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Sizheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Academic Rheumatology, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth T","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, UK"},{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary J","family":"Macfarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, UK"},{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda E","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, UK"},{"name":"Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Moots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Academic Rheumatology, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola J","family":"Goodson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Academic Rheumatology, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, 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