{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:22:55Z","timestamp":1784604175988,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some of the ethically most sensitive issues in radiation protection arise at imaging of pregnant\u2014and potentially pregnant\u2014patients and of newborn.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This article reviews the current literature and recommendations on imaging during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Risks related to alternative non-ionizing radiation methods are also considered.<\/jats:p><jats:p>With few exceptions, exposure of the fetus through radiography, computed tomography (CT) and nuclear medicine imaging can be limited to safe levels, although studies such as abdominal-pelvic CT cannot avoid significant exposure to fetuses. Eight to 10\u00a0weeks post-conception, the fetus has a thyroid which starts to concentrate iodide having crossed the placenta barrier resulting in unacceptably high doses to the fetal thyroid after administration of 131I- and even 123I-iodide and other radiopharmaceuticals with a high content of free radioiodine.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Many radiopharmaceuticals are excreted through breast milk. Breastfeeding interruption recommendations should be followed to keep the effective dose to the infant below 1\u00a0mSv.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncab041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T19:24:10Z","timestamp":1617823450000},"page":"339-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["X-RAY AND MOLECULAR IMAGING DURING PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING\u2014WHEN SHOULD WE BE WORRIED?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Mattsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Physics Malm\u00f6, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, SE-205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Leide-Svegborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Physics Malm\u00f6, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, SE-205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Radiation Physics, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Radiation Physics, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Malm\u00f6, SE-205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Physics Malm\u00f6, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, SE-205 02 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101213333805000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-015-3403-z","article-title":"Risks to the fetus from diagnostic imaging during pregnancy: review and proposal of a clinical protocol","volume":"45","author":"Gomes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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