{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:23:11Z","timestamp":1791462191061,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Sudan though the Sudan Atomic Energy Commission"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Radiation doses were determined to propose national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) for computed tomography (CT) examinations in Sudan. Doses were estimated from retrospectively collected scan parameters for 1336 CT examinations of adult patients from 14 Sudanese hospitals using CT Expo 2.5 software. ADs and NDRLs were set at the 50th and 75th percentile of the hospital median dose distribution, respectively. The proposed CTDIvol (mGy) ADs ranged from: 10 (chest) to 64 (head), and that of the dose-length product (DLP; mGy.cm) ranged from 366 (chest) to 1225 (head). The proposed CTDIvol (mGy) NDRLs ranged from 15 kidney\u2013ureter\u2013bladder (KUB) to 79 (head), whereas that of the DLP (mGy.cm) ranged from 690 (chest) to 1490 (head). Current doses fell within the upper range of the doses presented in the literature emphasizing the need for implementation of the current ADs and NDRLs for CT to enhance patient protection and dose optimization in Sudan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncab123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,8]],"date-time":"2021-08-08T11:45:06Z","timestamp":1628423106000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS AND ACHIEVABLE DOSES FOR STANDARD CT EXAMINATIONS IN SUDAN"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9646-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I I","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), College of Science, Department of Physics, Riyadh 11642, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0758-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Einas H","family":"Bashier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhair","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada A","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Institute, PO Box 3001, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Taibah University, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 344, Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021110408112418600_ref1","article-title":"UNSCEAR 2008","author":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sources and effects of ionizing radiation"},{"key":"2021110408112418600_ref2","first-page":"695","article-title":"Comparison of central, peripheral, and weighted size-specific dose in CT","volume":"28","author":"Anam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Xray Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2021110408112418600_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"International Commission on Radiation Protection. Managing patient dose in multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT)","volume":"102","author":"Valentine","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICRP Publication"},{"key":"2021110408112418600_ref4","volume-title":"Survey of CT Practice in the UK. Part 2. 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