{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1783292586482,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Reducing the effect of exposure to radiation in places such as radiation labs, nuclear reactors, radiotherapy facilities, industries involving radiation, etc., is essential for the health of radiation workers. In such cases materials having flexibility added with high attenuation coefficient of radiation is required for manufacturing wearables. Even though materials such as lead compounds, building materials, etc., have high attenuation coefficient, they are toxic and rigid, making them unsuitable for this purpose. In this regard, blending compounds with polymers would lead to flexible materials with high shielding capability. In the present work, 25\u00a0wt% cadmium chloride in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer composite has been prepared using solution casting method. The obtained polymer composite is characterised by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mass attenuation coefficients (\u03bc\/\u03c1) and half value layer (HVL) of gamma radiations were measured at various energies 511, 661, 1173 and 1332\u00a0keV using calibrated gamma ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) detector and compared to WinXCom-calculated theoretical values. The measured \u03bc\/\u03c1 and HVL are 0.089, 0.078, 0.064, 0.061\u00a0cm2\/g and 0.685, 0.778, 0.985, 1.003\u00a0cm, respectively. It is found that the obtained experimental values are in good agreement with theoretical values within the experimental errors. Also, it is observed that the \u03bc\/\u03c1 decreases and HVL increases with increase in energy. Even though PVA is not radiation resistant, when it is blended with 25\u00a0wt% cadmium chloride it shows good shielding property. Thus, the fabricated cadmium chloride-PVA polymer composite can be used for radiation shielding instead of toxic and expensive materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T13:36:42Z","timestamp":1703165802000},"page":"2487-2490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fabrication of cadmium chloride PVA polymer composite for \u03b3-ray shielding"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Kruthika","family":"Krishnappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mysore Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, , Mysuru 570006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankarshan","family":"B  Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Engineering Department of Physics, , Mysuru 570008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangamesha","family":"M  Ankanathappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Institute of Engineering Department of Chemistry, , Mysuru 570008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishnaveni","family":"Sannathammegowda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mysore Department of Studies in Physics, Manasagangotri, , Mysuru 570006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2023122113363526800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2478\/pjmpe-2020-0009","article-title":"Attenuation parameters of polyvinyl alcohol-tungsten oxide composites at the photon energies 5.895, 6.490, 59.54 and 662 keV","volume":"26","author":"Muthamma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polish J. Med. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01189-9","article-title":"Polymeric composite materials for radiation shielding: a review","volume":"19","author":"More","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-020-00865-8","article-title":"Shielding characteristics of nanocomposites for protection against X-and gamma rays in medical applications: effect of particle size, photon energy and nano-particle concentration","volume":"59","author":"Mansouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122113363526800_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2022.2067867","article-title":"X-ray and \u03b3-ray shielding efficiency of polymer composites: choice of fillers, effect of loading and filler size, photon energy and multifunctionality","volume":"63","author":"Prabhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2021.109918","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of GdxFe2O3 (100-x)\/PVA (x= 0, 5, 10, 20) composite films for radiation shielding","volume":"177","author":"Kavun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2017.10.017","article-title":"Fabrication, characterization and gamma rays shielding properties of nano and micro lead oxide-dispersed-high density polyethylene composites","volume":"145","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.109281","article-title":"Structure, optical, and radiation shielding properties of PVA\u2013BaTiO3 nanocomposite films: an experimental investigation","volume":"180","author":"Issa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"10","key":"2023122113363526800_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-021-02751-3","article-title":"Metal-polymer composites for radiation protection: a review","volume":"28","author":"Bijanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122113363526800_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-020-07038-3","article-title":"Study of polycarbonate\u2013bismuth nitrate composite for shielding against gamma radiation","volume":"324","author":"Mirji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2019.03.033","article-title":"Study on gamma shielding polymer composites reinforced with different sizes and proportions of tungsten particles using MCNP code","volume":"115","author":"Alavian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Energy"},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120006","DOI":"10.4279\/pip.120006","article-title":"The electrical and mechanical properties of cadmium chloride reinforced PVA: PVP blend films","volume":"12","author":"Mahmood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pap. Phys."},{"issue":"1","key":"2023122113363526800_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-018-1690-3","article-title":"Dielectric relaxation in a cadmium chloride-doped polymeric blend","volume":"42","author":"Baraker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"2023122113363526800_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1139\/cjp-2016-0848","article-title":"Spectroscopic analysis of CdCl2 doped PVA\u2013PVP blend films","volume":"95","author":"Baraker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Phys."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref14","first-page":"2468","article-title":"Effect of humidity on the performance of polyvinyl chloride based triboelectric nanogenerator","volume":"66","author":"Rumana Farheen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials Today: Proc."},{"key":"2023122113363526800_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2021.109903","article-title":"A simple software for swift computation of photon and charged particle interaction parameters: PAGEX","volume":"176","author":"Prabhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. 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