{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:08:15Z","timestamp":1791310095950,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Projection radiography is the most common radiological modality, and radiation safety of it concerns both radiation workers and the public. We measured and generated a series of scattered radiation maps for projection radiography and estimated effective doses of the supporting person during exposure. Measured adult patient protocols included chest posterior\u2013anterior, chest lateral, pelvis anterior\u2013posterior (AP), abdomen AP and bedside chest AP. Maps concretise spatial distribution and the scattered radiation dose rates in different imaging protocols. Highest and lowest rates were measured in abdomen AP and bedside chest AP protocols, respectively. The effective dose of supporting person in abdomen AP examination at distance of 0.5\u00a0m was 300\u00a0nSv and in bedside supine chest AP examination at distance of 0.7\u00a0m was 0.5\u00a0nSv. The estimated annual effective dose of emergency unit radiographer was 0.11\u00a0mSv. The obtained effective dose values are small compared to annual dose limits of radiation workers and the public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T23:49:14Z","timestamp":1699487354000},"page":"120-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["X-ray scatter in projection radiography"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-8526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satu","family":"Ylimaula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Oulu University Hospital Department of Diagnostic Radiology, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oulu University Hospital Department of Diagnostic Radiology, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Terveystalo Healthcare , 00100 Helsinki , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Hurskainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland\u2014Kuopio Campus Department of Technical Physics, , 70210 Kuopio , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arttu","family":"Peuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Services, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland , Hoitajantie 3, 40620 Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petro","family":"Julkunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland\u2014Kuopio Campus Department of Technical Physics, , 70210 Kuopio , Finland"},{"name":"Kuopio University Hospital Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, , 70200 Kuopio , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miika Tapio","family":"Nieminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Oulu University Hospital Department of Diagnostic Radiology, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Hanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Oulu University Hospital Department of Diagnostic Radiology, , 90220 Oulu , Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-015-2257-z","article-title":"The compliance with and knowledge about radiation protection in operating room personnel: a cross-sectional study with a questionnaire","volume":"135","author":"Jentzsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210602","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210602","article-title":"Occupational radiation exposure in doctors: an analysis of exposure rates over 25 years","volume":"94","author":"Sharkey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38499.599861.E0","article-title":"Risk of cancer after low doses of ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study in 15 countries","volume":"331","author":"Cardis","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5107-x","article-title":"Projected lifetime cancer risks from occupational radiation exposure among diagnostic medical radiation workers in South Korea","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref5","article-title":"Risk of cancer from occupational exposure to ionising radiation: retrospective cohort study of workers in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States (INWORKS)","volume":"351","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13761","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235592100","article-title":"Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: assessing what we really know","volume":"100","author":"Brenner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref7","author":"Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland (STUK)"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref8"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncz299","article-title":"Scatter radiation in the fluoroscopy-guided interventional room","volume":"188","author":"Bohari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-019-00550-6","article-title":"A more accurate and safer method for the measurement of scattered radiation in X-ray examination rooms","volume":"13","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18754","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75257-5","article-title":"Characterisation and mapping of scattered radiation fields in interventional radiology theatres","volume":"10","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncv093","article-title":"Measuring scatter radiation in diagnostic X rays for radiation protection purposes","volume":"165","author":"Vlachos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-015-1161-x","article-title":"Seeing is believing: increasing intraoperative awareness to scattered radiation in interventional procedures by combining augmented reality, Monte Carlo simulations and wireless dosimeters","volume":"10","author":"Loy Rodas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02126-x","article-title":"Simulation of scattered radiation during intraoperative imaging in a virtual reality learning environment","volume":"15","author":"S\u00fcncksen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref15","first-page":"968","article-title":"SIScaR-GPU: fast simulation and visualization of intraoperative scattered radiation to support radiation protection training","volume":"180","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019190018","article-title":"Occupational doses to medical staff performing or assisting with fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures","volume":"294","author":"Borrego","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref17"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref18","article-title":"Radiologisten tutkimusten ja toimenpiteiden m\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4t vuonna 2021","author":"Ruonala","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.06.035","article-title":"Roles and responsibilities of medical physicists in radiation protection","volume":"76","author":"Meghzifene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref20","author":"King\u2019s College Hospital"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-019-01109-6","article-title":"European trends in radiology: investigating factors affecting the number of examinations and the effective dose","volume":"125","author":"Masjedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref22","author":"Ylimaula","year":"2021"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref23","volume-title":"RaySafe i2 Real-time Radiation Dosimeter system manual","author":"Unfors RaySafe AB"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref24","author":"Saarakkala","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2511081686","article-title":"Risks associated with low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiation: why linearity may be (almost) the best we can do","volume":"251","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref26","article-title":"Scatter radiation exposure during mobile X-ray examinations","volume":"17","author":"Abrantes","year":"2017","journal-title":"HealthManagement"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ac58dc","article-title":"Learning-based occupational x-ray scatter estimation","volume":"67","author":"Maul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref28","article-title":"Council directive 2013\/59\/Euratom","author":"The Council Of The European Union","year":"2014","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref29","author":"Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland (STUK)"},{"key":"2024021907413190700_ref30","author":"Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Finland (STUK)"}],"container-title":["Radiation Protection Dosimetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/200\/2\/120\/56690477\/ncad275.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article-pdf\/200\/2\/120\/56690477\/ncad275.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T07:41:56Z","timestamp":1708328516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/rpd\/article\/200\/2\/120\/7343165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rpd\/ncad275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8420","1742-3406"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8420","type":"print"},{"value":"1742-3406","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]}}}