{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T10:30:43Z","timestamp":1768732243291,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission","award":["RP 059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP 059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The aim of this study was to determine the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) in adult patients during digital radiography and to evaluate the optimisation potential in five common X-ray examinations in Tanzania. Based on a sample of 240\u2013610 patients, ESAK was estimated using X-ray tube output measurements, patient information and backscatter factors. The results show that the mean ESAK values were higher or comparable to data from the literature. The diagnostic reference values of ESAK for digital radiography were 0.31 mGy (chest PA), 4 mGy (lumbar spine AP), 5.4 mGy (lumbar spine LAT), 3.8 mGy (abdomen AP) and 2.4 mGy (pelvis AP). For computed radiography, the mean ESAK ranges were 0.44\u20130.57 mGy (thoracic AP), 3.59\u20133.72 mGy (lumbar spine AP), 6.16\u20136.35 mGy (lumbar spine LAT), 3.89\u20133.44 mGy (abdominal AP) and 2.92\u20133.47 mGy (pelvic AP). In conclusion, high ESAK variations show the potential for optimising protection in digital radiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncad294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1702106135000},"page":"229-239","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Entrance surface air kerma to patients during digital radiographic examinations in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Atumaini","family":"Makoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5330-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Jusabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan Medical Centre , Baraka Obama Drive, 11102 Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9357-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilbroad","family":"Muhogora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Kileo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musa","family":"Ndukeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili National Hospital , Kalenga Road, 11103 Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilda","family":"Makungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili National Hospital , Kalenga Road, 11103 Dar es Salaam , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haika","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital , Hospital Hill Road, Mbeya , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Onoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arusha Lutheran Medical Centre , Fr. Babu Road, Block No.54 Levolosi, Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguta","family":"Ngulimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huruma","family":"Mammba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Muhulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitus","family":"Balobegwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Ngoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Nakembetwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission , Block J, Njiro, 23114 Arusha , Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030408553656600_ref1","volume-title":"The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection","year":"2007"},{"key":"2024030408553656600_ref2","volume-title":"Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards: General Safety Requirements Part 3","author":"European Commission, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labour Organization, OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Pan American Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"2024030408553656600_ref3","article-title":"Diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging","author":"International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","year":"2017"},{"key":"2024030408553656600_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.09.015","article-title":"Radiation dose optimization in diagnostic and interventional radiology: current issues and future perceptive","volume":"79","author":"Tsapaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica Medica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024030408553656600_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06422-2","article-title":"Long-term experience and analysis of data on diagnostic reference levels: the good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"30","author":"Roch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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